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Organisms 2 > AEBI 211 midterm 2 > Flashcards

AEBI 211 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 key events in animal development?

A
  1. Gamete formation
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Organogenesis
  6. Growth
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2
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Mature haploid male or female germ cell

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3
Q

What is an egg?

A

An organic vessel where an embryo develops/ an ovum

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4
Q

What is an ovum?

A

the female reproductive or germ cell

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5
Q

True or false: eggs vary significantly among taxa

A

True

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6
Q

How big is a human egg?

A

Approx 100 microns

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7
Q

True or false: eggs don’t have the normal components of somatic cells

A

False

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8
Q

What is the role of yolk?

A

provides energy during development

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9
Q

What does the animal pole have?

A

most of the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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10
Q

What does the vegetal pole have ?

A

most of the yolk

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11
Q

What is isolecithal?

A

very little yolk, evenly distributed throughout the egg (placental mammals)

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12
Q

What is Mesolecithal?

A

Moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole ( amphibians)

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13
Q

What is Telolecithal?

A

Abundance of yolk densely concentrated at vegetal pole ( birds, reptiles, fish)

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14
Q

What is Centrolecithal?

A

Large centrally located mass of yolk

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15
Q

What does lots of yolk indicate?

A

young exhibit direct development

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16
Q

What does little yolk indicate?

A

young exhibit indirect development

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17
Q

What does fertilization mean?

A

Gametes unite to form a Zygote

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18
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting from fusion of male and female gametes

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19
Q

What happens during the cleavage stage ?

A

Embryo divides repeatedly without growth, single large egg cell becomes many smaller cells called blastomeres

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20
Q

What is the zygote called at the end of cleavage?

A

Blastula

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21
Q

True or false: cell division occurs more easily in cytoplasm than yolk

A

True

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22
Q

What are the two types of cleavage?

A

Holoblastic and Meroblastic

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23
Q

What does holoblastic mean?

A

complete and approximately equal divisions of cells

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24
Q

What does meroblastic mean?

A

restricted to small area of egg

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25
Q

Is isolecithal meroblastic or holoblastic?

A

Holoblastic

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26
Q

IS Mesolecithal holo or meroblastic?

A

holoblastic

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27
Q

Is telolecithal mero or holoblastic?

A

Meroblastic

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28
Q

IS Centrolecithal mero or holoblastic?

A

Meroblastic

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29
Q

True or false: cleavage has no sense of direction

A

false, spiral and radial

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30
Q

What is the fluid-filled cavity most animal cells are formed around?

A

Blastocoel

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31
Q

True or false: all multicellular animals go through blastulation

A

true

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32
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

converts the spherical blastula into a two or three layered embryo

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33
Q

How many germ layers does the blastula have?

A

1

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34
Q

How many layers does the gastrula have?

A

2 or 3

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35
Q

Does the blastula have endoderm?

A

No

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36
Q

What is the process where one side of the blastula bends inward

A

Invagination

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37
Q

What is the internal pouch of the gastrula called?

A

Gut cavity/ archenteron/ gastrocoel

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38
Q

What is the opening to the gut cavity called in gastrula?

A

blastopore

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39
Q

What is the lining of the blastocoel called?

A

ectoderm

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40
Q

What do we call when the gut of the gastrula opens only at the blastopore?

A

Blind gut

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41
Q

Name a species that has a blind gut ( mouth but no anus)

A

Xenoturbella churro

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42
Q

True or false: most animals have a blind gut

A

false complete gut

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43
Q

True or false: the blastopore always becomes the mouth

A

false, differentiates protostomes and deuterostomes

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44
Q

What is the third layer called?

A

mesoderm

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45
Q

What is the mesoderm formed from?

A

endoderm

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46
Q

What is the coelom?

A

cavity surrounded by mesoderm

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47
Q

What do you call animals that develop two germ layers?

A

diploblastic

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48
Q

What do you call animals that form three germ layers?

A

Triploblastic

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49
Q

Give an example of diploblastic animals

A

sponges and sea anemones

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50
Q

What do organs develop from?

A

specific germ layers

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51
Q

What is the first event in organogenesis?

A

Formation of the nervous system

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52
Q

What is the nervous system formed from?

A

the ectoderm

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53
Q

Which organ is the first to be functional?

A

heart

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54
Q

What is the heart formed from?

A

Mesoderm

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55
Q

What is the longest phase of animal development?

A

Growth

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56
Q

What are the 4 steps of formation of chicken egg?

A

Fertilization
albumen (white) added
Shell membrane added
shell added

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57
Q

What does schizocoely mean?

A

coelom forms by splitting, band of mesoderm forms around gut before coelom forms

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58
Q

What does Enterocoely mean?

A

Coelom forms by out pocketing, mesoderm and coelom for at same time,Gastrulation begins with one side of the blastula bending inward forming the
archenteron (endoderm)

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59
Q

What does acoelomate mean ?

A

no coelom

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60
Q

Name an acoelomate phylum?

A

Platyhelminthes

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61
Q

What does pseudocoelomate mean?

A

have coelom but only part of opening is lined with mesoderm Gut is not lined

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62
Q

give an example of pseudocoelomates?

A

round worms

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63
Q

Give an example of eucoelomates

A

earthworms

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64
Q

What pody plans can schizocoely form?

A

All three (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate,
coelomate)

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65
Q

What body plans can enterocoely form?

A

Eucoelomate

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66
Q

True or false: The eggs cytoplasm is homogenous

A

False

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67
Q

True or flase cytoplasmic determinants are evenly distributed in egg cytoplasm

A

False

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68
Q

What do cytoplasmic determinants in egg cytoplasm partition among?

A

blastomeres ( unequally)

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69
Q

What does cytoplasm specification lead to?

A

cell differentiation

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70
Q

Cytoplasmic specification is associated to which kind of development?

A

Mosaic development

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71
Q

What does conditional specification mean?

A

Cell fate is not fixed until it receives positional information from
neighboring cells

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72
Q

What is induction?

A

capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental
response from other cells

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73
Q

Conditional specification is associated to which kind of development?

A

Regulative development

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74
Q

Which kind of development do humans use?

A

Regulative development

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75
Q

What happens if you experimentally separate blastomeres
from organisms that use mosaic development?

A

The separate blastomeres result in defective larvae

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76
Q

What happens if you experimentally separate blastomeres
from organisms that use regulative development.

A

All blastomeres result in normal larvae

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77
Q

How many metazoan phyla are there?

A

34

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78
Q

What are the major metazoan clades?

A

Protostomia and deuterostomia

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79
Q

What do Lophotrochozoan Protostome have?

A

Members generally possess
trochophore larvae or a lophophore

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80
Q

What characterizes ecdysozoan protostome?

A

Members shed cuticle as they grow

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81
Q

Give an example of Lophotrochozoan Protostome

A

Plathyhelminthes, Mollusca,
Annelida

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82
Q

Give an example of Ecdysozoan Protostome

A

Nematoda, Arthropoda

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83
Q

Give an example of Deuterostomia

A

Chordata, Echinodermata,
Hemichordata

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84
Q

What 4 developmental characters can Protostomes and Deuterostomes be identified by?

A

Fate of blastopore
cleavage patterns
Fate of cells
Coelom formation

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85
Q

What major clades are protostomes further divided into?

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

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86
Q

What is the fate of the blastopore in protostome?

A

Blastopore becomes the mouth

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87
Q

What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostome?

A

Blastopore becomes anus

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88
Q

What cleavage pattern occurs in most lophotrochozoan protostomes?

A

spiral cleavage

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89
Q

What cleavage pattern occurs in most deuterostomes?

A

radial cleavage

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90
Q

what happens in the first cleavage of deuterostome?

A

First cleavage plane passes through the animal-vegetal axis giving rise to two
identical blastomeres

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91
Q

What happens in the second cleavage of deuterostomes?

A

Second cleavage occurs simultaneously in both blastomeres and oriented parallel to
animal-vegetal axis but perpendicular to first cleavage

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92
Q

What happens after the third cleavage of deuterostomes

A

After third cleavage, upper tier of cells sits directly on top of the tier of cells below

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93
Q

What kind of development characterizes most lophotrochozoan protostomes?

A

mosaic development

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94
Q

what kind of development characterizes most deuterostomes?

A

regulative development

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95
Q

How is the coelom formed in protostome?

A

schizocoely

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96
Q

How is the coelom formed in deuterostome?

A

enterocoely

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97
Q

What characterizes Bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic – no nucleus or organelles
DNA in form of plasmids

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98
Q

What characterizes archaea?

A

Prokaryotic – no nucleus or organelles
DNA in form of plasmids
Some are extremophiles

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99
Q

What characterizes Protista?

A

Eukaryotic – membrane bound nucleus and organelles
DNA in form of chromosomes (in nucleus)

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100
Q

What are two competing hypotheses on the placement of eukaryotes withing the tree of life?

A

Eocyte hypothesis
Woese hypothesis

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101
Q

What is the woese hypothesis?

A

three domains, archaea and eukarya are sister taxa

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102
Q

What is Eocyte hypothesis?

A

Two domains, Eukarya emerged from within the diversity of archaea

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103
Q

What are the disadvantages of being unicellular?

A

size is limited
shorter life span
no division of labour

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104
Q

Why are unicellular eukaryotes size limited?

A

Surface/volume ratio
decreases as cells get bigger
Internal region of cell
becomes too big to be
supported by the plasma
membrane

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105
Q

What are the advantages of being unicellular?

A

rapid reproduction
minimal sources required

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106
Q

What characterizes unicellular eukaryotes?

A

Complete organisms
mostly motile
require moisture
cause many diseases in humans and other animals

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107
Q

What are modes of locomotion in unicellular eukaryotes?

A

Flagella
Cilia
pseudopodia

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108
Q

What are flagella?

A

Whiplike organelle of locomotion

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109
Q

What is cilia?

A

A hairlike organelle found on many animal cells

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110
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

A temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell
serves for locomotion or engulfing food

111
Q

true or false: cilia and flagella are morphologically the same

112
Q

What are undulipodia made up of?

A

nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair

113
Q

how do cilia propel water?

A

parallel to cell surface

114
Q

How do flagella propel water?

A

Parallel to flagellum axis

115
Q

What does the cytoplasm of pseudopodia consist of?

A

Ectoplasm semi-solid outer layer
Endoplasm inner fluid

116
Q

what characterizes amoebas?

A

irregular shape
travel using pseudopodia
plasma membrane can be covered with a test or shell

117
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

self feeding

118
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Consumes other life

119
Q

What is a holozoic feeder?

A

ingest visible particles of food

120
Q

What is a saprozoic feeder?

A

ingest food in a soluble form

121
Q

Name the steps of phagocytosis

A

plasma membrane folds around food
membrane is pinched off at surface
The food particle is in an intracellular membrane
bound vesicle the food vacuole or phagosome
Lysosomes, small vesicles containing digestive
enzymes, fuse with the food vacuole and pour their
contents into it
Digestion begins

122
Q

What is a cytosome?

A

cell mouth in many unicellular eukaryotes, site of phagocytosis

123
Q

What is a Cytoproct?

A

Site on a unicellular eukaryote where undigested matter is expelled, occurs in many ciliates

124
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

The living together of two different species in an intimate
relationship

125
Q

Name 3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualistic
parasitic
commensalistic

126
Q

Give an example of mutualistic symbiosis

A

Termites and flagellate protozoans in their gut

127
Q

How do unicellular eukaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually and some can sexually

128
Q

What types of asexual reproduction can paramecium do?

A

binary fission
conjugation

129
Q

true or false: paramecium are multinucleate

130
Q

What is the role of the macronucleus in paramecium?

A

Metabolism, synthesis, development

131
Q

What is the role of Micronucleus in paramecium?

A

sexual reproduction

132
Q

How do the Micronuclei divide in paramecium?

A

mitotically

133
Q

How do the macronuclei divide in paramecium?

A

amitotically

134
Q

What is amitotic cell division?

A

DNA replicates but doesn’t go
through the normal steps of
mitosis

135
Q

What is conjugation?

A

temporary union of two
individuals to exchange chromosomal material

136
Q

What are Apicomplexa

A

a phylum of parasitic protists

137
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

lives within another organism(s)

138
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

live outside of host

139
Q

Are Apicomplexa endo or ectoparasites?

140
Q

What does plasmodium reproduction require?

A

Definitive host = insect (sexual stage)
Intermediate host = vertebrate (asexual stage)

141
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

The host in which sexual reproduction of a symbiont occurs

142
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

A host in which some development of a symbiont occurs, but in which
maturation and sexual reproduction do not occur

143
Q

What does schizogony result in?

A

Schizogony (multiple fission)
sporozoite (n) to many merozoites (n)

144
Q

What does sporogony result in?

A

Sporogony (special case of schizogony)
zygote (2n) to many sporozoites (n)

145
Q

What are the tree stages of life of plasmodium?

A

Sporozoite: motile spore stage
merozoite: intermediate stage
Trophozoite: adult stage

146
Q

What is a microgametozyte?

A

smaller of the two gametocytes considered male

147
Q

What is a macrogametocyte?

A

Larger of the two gametocytes, considered female

148
Q

What is an ookinete?

A

Motile zygote of malarial parasites

149
Q

Are ookinetes haploid or diploid?

150
Q

What is a gametocyte?

A

Immature gamete

151
Q

Are gametocytes haploid or diploid?

152
Q

What are the 5 levels of organismal complexity?

A

protoplasmic
cellular
cell-tissue
tissue-organ
organ- system

153
Q

What does protoplasmic mean?

A

unicellular organisms

154
Q

What does colonial mean?

A

aggregation of undifferentiated cells

155
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

aggregation of cells that are functionally different

156
Q

What characterizes the cell- tissue level?

A

cells aggregate into patterns or layers
true tissue secretes extracellular matrix in form of a basement membrane on which cells sit

157
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of similar cells organized to perform a common function

158
Q

What characterizes the tissue-organ level?

A

organs contain more than one type of tissue
more specialized function

159
Q

What characterizes the organ-system level?

A

organs work together in a system

160
Q

Name 4 groups that are part of the kingdom of fungi

A

yeasts
rusts and smuts
Mould and mildew
mushrooms

161
Q

What differentiates fungi from plants?

A

fungi do not have chlorophyll
fungi have cell walls that are composed of chitin not cellulose

162
Q

What important ecological function do fungi have?

A

decomposers

163
Q

Name 3 photoautotrophs

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

164
Q

Name 2 chemoautotrophs

A

animals and fungi

165
Q

What characterizes the phylum porifera?

A

no organs or true tissues
no nervous system or sense organs
sessile and attached
limited body movement
radial symmetry
aquatic

166
Q

What is a sponge?

A

An assemblage of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix and supported by a skeleton of minute needle like spicules and protein

167
Q

What are the tree basic forms of sponges?

A

Asconoid – flagellated spongocoel
Syconoid – flagellated canals
Leuconoid – flagellated chambers

168
Q

What are the two kinds of body openings in poriferaand what are they for?

A

many ostia for incoming water
one large oscula as water outlets

169
Q

In asconoid sponges how does the water move?

A

Water enters through ostia
into spongocoel
Water is pulled out of a single
large osculum

170
Q

What is the spongocoel lined with in asconoid sponges?

A

choanocytes

171
Q

How does water move in syconoid sponges?

A

In through incurrent canals
into radial canals through prosopyles
into spongocoel through apopyles
exits through osculum

172
Q

What part of syconoid sponges are lined with choanocytes?

A

Radial canals

173
Q

What part of leuconoid sponges is lined with choanocytes?

A

flagellated chambers

174
Q

True or false: leuconoid sponges have spongocoel

175
Q

How are cells arranges in porifera?

A

in layers or loosely arranged in the mesophyl

176
Q

Name 4 cell types of porifera

A

pinacocyte
porocyte
choanocyte
archaeocyte

177
Q

What is a pinacocyte?

A

epithelial type cell, closest thing to a tissue in a sponge

178
Q

What is a porocyte?

A

pore cell only in asconoid sponges

179
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

Flagellated collar cells

180
Q

What are choanocytes imbedded in?

181
Q

What do choanocytes do?

A

Move water, collect food particles and consume by phagocytosis

182
Q

What are archaeocyte cells?

A

amoeboid cells

183
Q

What is the function of skeleton is porifera?

A

Skeleton prevents collapse of canals and chambers

184
Q

What is spongin?

A

A FORM OF COLLAGEN SECRETED BY CLASS DEMOSPOngiae, form skeletal network of some sponges

185
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

Feed on particles suspended in the water

186
Q

How do sponges perform respiration and excretion?

A

by diffusion

187
Q

What transports oxygen and nutrients to other parts of the sponge?

A

archaeocytes

188
Q

What are sponges dependent on?

A

a current of water
flowing through bod

189
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

190
Q

How do sponges reproduce asexually?

A

fragmentation
budding
gemmulation

191
Q

What do sperm an oocytes develop from?

A

choanocytes

192
Q

True or false: most sponges are viviparous

193
Q

What can animal body plans be characterized by?

A

number of germ layers
types of body cavities
organismal complexity
symmetry

194
Q

Name 5 types of symmetry

A

asymmetrical
spherical
Radial: tube or vase-like
biradial: radial with additional structure
bilateral: right and left sides

195
Q

What is cephalization?

A

differentiation of a head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in
the front area

196
Q

What is associated with cephalization?

A

bilateral symmetry

197
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

Body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis

198
Q

what is biradial symmetry?

A

Radially symmetrical with the exception of a body part that is paired

199
Q

name three planes of symmetry

A

frontal plane
sagittal plane
transverse plane

200
Q

what is frontal plane?

A

divides body into dorsal and ventral halves

201
Q

what is sagittal plane?

A

divides body into right and left

202
Q

What is transverse plane?

A

divides body into anterior and posterior halves

203
Q

What does medial mean?

A

midline body

204
Q

What does distal mean?

A

parts farther from the middle of body

205
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

parts are nearer the middle of body

207
Q

What kind of symmetry do cnidaria and ctenophora have?

208
Q

What level of organization do cnidaria and ctenophora have?

A

cell-tissue

209
Q

How many germ layers do cnidaria and ctenophora have?

A

diploblastic

210
Q

What type of gut do cnidaria and ctenophora have?

211
Q

Are cnidarians very mobile?

A

no, they are mostly sessile or slow moving

212
Q

Who frequently live as mutualists with cnidarians

213
Q

true or false: cnidarians are terrestrial

A

false, mostly marine

214
Q

Name 4 classes that belong to phylum cnidaria

A

hydrozoa
scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

215
Q

what are the characteristics of Eumetazoa?

A

multicellular animal with distinct germ layers
Has true tissues
includes cnidaria and ctenophora but not porifera
all eumetazoans other than cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit primary bilateral symmetry

216
Q

What are the two morphological types of cnidaria?

A

polyp: sessile
medusa: floating

217
Q

What does dimorphic mean?

A

exhibit both poly and medusa form

218
Q

What is the mouth surrounded by in polyp form?

219
Q

What attaches the polyp to substratum?

A

pedal disc

220
Q

What side of the medusa is the mouth centered on?

A

Concave side

221
Q

What is mesoglea?

A

jellylike layer between tissue layers in cnidarians

222
Q

True or false: mesoglea is thicker in polyp form

223
Q

True or false: cnidarians have a heart and circulatory system

224
Q

How do cnidarians breathe?

A

respiration by diffusion

225
Q

Do cnidarians use extracellular or intracellular digestion?

226
Q

True or False: cnidarians have a centralized nervous system

227
Q

What are rhopalia used for in cnidarians?

A

balance and light perception

228
Q

how do medusae reproduce?

229
Q

Describe the life cycle of aurelia (moon jelly)

A

1- sperm fertilizes egg in gastric pouch(medusa)
2-zygote develops on arms of female
3- planula larva attaches and becomes scyphistoma( polyp form)
4- scyphistoma can bud to form other polyps
5- becomes a strobila
6- releases saucerlike buds called ephyrae
7- ephyrae grow into mature jellyfish

230
Q

How can Hydra and anemones move slowly?

A

by gliding on pedal disc

231
Q

What are the sting cells of cnidarians called?

A

cnidocytes

232
Q

What is a cnida?

A

stinging organelle

233
Q

What is a nematocyst?

A

most common type of cnida, can have toxin

234
Q

What is a cnidocil?

A

modified cilium that triggers the nematocyst to fire

235
Q

True or false: freshwater hydra have no medusa stage

236
Q

True or false: the Portuguese man-of-war is made of one individual

A

false, many

237
Q

Is the true jellyfish (class scyphozoa) monoecious?

A

no, dioecious

238
Q

how does the polyp and medusa form of true jellyfish reproduce?

A

medusa: sexually
polyp: asexually

239
Q

What class does the box jellyfish belong to?

240
Q

Where do tentacles occur in box jellyfish?

A

corners of square

241
Q

What form is most prominent in cube jellyfish?

242
Q

What class do these belong to: anemones, corals, sea fans

243
Q

Do anthozoans have a medusa stage?

244
Q

Do ctenophorans have nematocysts?

245
Q

What do ctenophorans have instead of nematocysts?

A

colloblasts, release sticky substance instead of venom

246
Q

Name a mutual symbiosis involving cnidarians?

A

clownfish and sea anemones

247
Q

What do u call it when the clownfish cant live without the anemone?

A

obligate mutualism

248
Q

What do u call it when the sea anemone can survive without a clownfish?

A

facultative mutualism

249
Q

What is the benefit to the clownfish to have symbiosis with the anemone?

A

protection

250
Q

What is the benefit to the anemone to have symbiosis with clownfish?

A

provide nitrogen
increase water circulation
chase away other fish

251
Q

what kind of partnership is crab-cnidarian symbiosis?

A

obligate for crab

252
Q

Where do coral reefs get their colours from?

A

zooxanthellae algae

253
Q

What kind of skeleton do worms have?

A

hydrostatic

254
Q

What are most species of flatworms?

255
Q

What level of organization do Platyhelminthes have?

A

tissue-organ

256
Q

What kind of gut do platyhelminthes have?

A

incomplete gut

257
Q

What kind of symmetry do platyhelminthes have?

258
Q

Name three classes of platyhelminthes?

A

turbellaria
cestoda
trematoda

259
Q

Which class of platyhelminthes is not parasitic?

A

turbellaria

260
Q

How do tuebellarians reproduce?

A

Sexual: monoecious
asexual: transverse fission

261
Q

What is the function of the scolex in cestoda?

A

attachement to the host

262
Q

What is the strobila of cestoda?

A

main body composed of chain of proglotproglottidsids

263
Q

What are proglottids?

A

complete hermaphroditic reproductive units containing ovaries and testes

264
Q

What is strobilation?

A

repeated transverse segmentation

265
Q

What does gravid mean?

A

carrying eggs

266
Q

Where are gravid proglottids excreted?

A

in hosts feces

267
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

parasite that resides inside of its host?

268
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

parasite that resides outside of its host

269
Q

What kind of body cavity do nematodes have?

A

pseudocoelomate

270
Q

What kind of gut do nematodes have?

A

complete gut

271
Q

What level of complexity do nematodes have?

A

organ-system

272
Q

True or false: nematodes have a circulatory system

273
Q

What is the intermediate host of dog heartworm?

Organisms 2 (2 decks)

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