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Organisms 2 > AEBI 211 midterm 1 > Flashcards

AEBI 211 midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major Metazoan phyla (11)

A
  • Porifera
  • Ctenophora
  • Cnidaria
  • Echinodermata
  • Hemichordata
  • Chordata
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
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2
Q

When was the Earth formed?

A

approx. 4.6 billion years ago

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3
Q

True or False: Early earth had atmosphere, soil and oceans

A

False

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4
Q

When did Prokaryotic life form?

A

approx. 4 billion years ago

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5
Q

What is the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis?

A

Compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment

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6
Q

What simple compounds did early atmosphere consist of?

A

water vapor
Hydrogen gas
ammonia
carbon dioxide
methane
limited free oxygen

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7
Q

What is the miller- Urey experiment and what were the results?

A

circulated a mixture of water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia using electrical spark as an energy source
results: in a week 15% of the carbon converted to organic compounds

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8
Q

Where are polymers formed and why ?

A

within semipermeable amphiphilic membranes because in aqueous solutions polymers would tend to be hydrolyzed

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9
Q

Define amphiphilic

A

one part soluble in water (polar), another part insoluble in water (non-polar)

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10
Q

Place in correct order:
1. Packaging of macromolecules into membranes to form protocells

  1. Formation of macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids)

3.Origin of self-replicating molecules and true cells

  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
A
      1. 3.
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11
Q

what was the first step in the development of life on this planet?

A

chemical evolution: formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions

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12
Q

Define Organic evolution

A

The process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes

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13
Q

True or false: Darwin and Wallace independently conceived of the idea of natural selection

A

True

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14
Q

What were the foundation for natural selection?

A

Geology: history of life on earth is long and changing
Economics: population pressures
Embryology: similarities among organisms

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15
Q

True or false: Natural selection as a theory was accepted before evolution

A

False

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16
Q

Which other historical figures worked on evolution (2)

A

Lamark: acquired traits
Mary Anning: paleontologist

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17
Q

What 5 theories summarize Darwin’s views?

A

Perpetual change
Common descent
Multiplication of species
gradualism
Natural selection

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18
Q

Which of the 5 theories that summarize Darwin’s views are accepted as having universal application throughout the living world?

A

perpetual change
common descent
multiplication of species

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19
Q

What is evidence of perpetual change?

A

fossil record

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20
Q

why is the fossil record biased?

A

Hard structures are best preserved.
Soft-bodied animals such as jellyfish and worms are under-represented.

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21
Q

what is the evidence of common descent?

A

organismal form, cellular structure, and genetics.

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22
Q

What are 8 shared characteristics of living things?

A

chemical uniqueness
complexity and hierarchical organization
reproduction
possession of genetic program
Metabolism
Development
Environmental interaction
movement

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23
Q

what is genetic code?

A

correspondence between sequence of nucleotides in DNA and sequences of amino acids in protein

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24
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

no but nearly

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25
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a common ancestor

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26
Q

True or false: Homologous features are transmitted to all descendant lineages.

A

True

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27
Q

What are reproductive barriers?

A

Biological factors that prevent interbreeding

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28
Q

what often causes reproductive barriers?

A

geographical barriers

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29
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Small changes accumulate steadily over time
sudden changes are more likely to have negative side effects

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30
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Long periods of stasis punctuated by brief events of speciation

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31
Q

What are the two possible evolutionary fates for every species

A

give rise to new species
become extinct

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32
Q

Define natural selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

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33
Q

Define adaptation

A

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

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34
Q

Name an animal group that belongs to porifera

A

sponges

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35
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Ctenophora

A

comb jellies

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36
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Cnidaria

A

jellyfish, anemones, corals

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37
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes

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38
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Annelida

A

marine worms, earthworms, leeches

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39
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Mollusca

A

snails, clams, octopuses, squid

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40
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Nematoda

A

round worms

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41
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Arthropoda

A

Lobsters, crabs, spiders, insects, centipedes,millipedes

42
Q

Name an animal group that belong to Echinodermata

A

sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

43
Q

Name an animal group that belong to hemichordata

A

Acorn worms

44
Q

Name an animal group that belong to chordata

A

vertebrates

45
Q

Which of the following was NOT an observation in Darwins explanatory model of evolution by natural selection
A. natural resources are limited
B. Variation occurs among organisms within populations
C. Organisms have great potential for fertility
D. Genetic variation is heritable

46
Q

Name 4 misconceptions about natural selection

A
  1. survival of the fittest means survival of the strongest
  2. Evolution is random
  3. mutations are favorable
  4. every feature can be explained as an adaptation
47
Q

how do complex traits evolve

A

advantageous intermediates
exaptations

48
Q

what is an exaptation?

A

process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected

49
Q

Define macroevolution

A

pertains to evolution on a long timescale.

50
Q

Define microevolution

A

pertains to evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations

51
Q

Define Biological species concept

A

characterizes species by their ability to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

52
Q

What is an interspecific hybrid?

A

offspring produces by mating of individuals from two different species. can be fertile and mate with other hybrids or either of parental species

53
Q

Define Morphological species concept

A

characterizes species by body shape and other morphological features

54
Q

Define ecological species concept

A

Characterizes species in terms of its ecological niche

55
Q

which is more common allopatric or sympatric speciation

A

allopatric

56
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

in another land (founder effect)

57
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

in same land

58
Q

What are two ways that allopatric speciation occurs?

A

vicariant speciation and founder effect

59
Q

Define homology

A

character similarly resulting from common ancestry

60
Q

Define analogy

A

Non-homologous due to convergent evolution (not inherited from common ancestor)

61
Q

What is the goal of cladistics

A

Infer the evolutionary tree that relates all extant and extinct species

62
Q

What is a monophyletic clade?

A

includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

63
Q

What is a paraphyletic clade?

A

includes the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

64
Q

What is a polyphyletic clade?

A

Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group(group has at least two evolutionary origins

65
Q

What does Protista include?

A

Protozoa: animal-like unicellular eukaryotes
Protophyta: plant-like unicellular eukaryotes
fungus-like slime molds

66
Q

true or false: Protista is recognized as a valid clade?

67
Q

What is polytomy?

A

A node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor

68
Q

What does polytomy indicate?

A

we don’t know the relationship between the descendent lineages or descendent lineages speciated simultaneously

69
Q

How do you discover a new species?

A

Compare morphological, genetic features, physiological features to known specimen.

70
Q

Who is the father of taxonomy?

71
Q

Name the taxonomic ranks

A

Life- Domain- Kingdom- Phylum- Class- Order- Family- Genus- Species

72
Q

How many domains are there?

72
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

72
Q

what are some problems with modern taxonomy?

A

1-not governed by any international body
2-skewed towards pedagogical convenience rather than a true reflection of phylogeny
3-Hierarchical ranks are difficult and outdated

72
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria archaea eukaryota

73
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms

A

metazoa plantae fungi Protista bacteria and archaea

73
Q

What groups make up life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota

74
Q

What makes up Eukaryota?

A

Plantae, Protista, Unikonta

75
Q

What makes up Unikonta?

A

Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta

76
Q

What makes up Opisthokonta?

A

Fungi, choanoflagellates, metazoa

77
Q

In the phylogenetic tree for Metazoa, which groups form a polytomy?

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

78
Q

What are the two major reproduction strategies?

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

79
Q

Name an advantage of asexual reproduction.

A

Quick and energy efficient

80
Q

Name two disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

A

diversity depends on mutation

Muller’s ratchet: accumulation of deleterious mutations

81
Q

name an advantage of sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation

82
Q

name two disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Energetically costly

males do not directly produce offspring

83
Q

What are the five types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission
Multiple fission
Budding
Gemmulation
Fragmentation

84
Q

Define binary fission

A

Parent divides by mitosis into two parts each grows into an individual similar to the parent

85
Q

Define multiple fission

A

nucleus divides repeatedly, cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously

86
Q

Define budding

A

Unequal division of an organism, bud is an outgrowth of the parent

87
Q

Define gemmulation

A

Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells, cells are surrounded by a resistant capsule( sponges)

88
Q

Define fragmentation

A

breaks into two or more fragments that become a new individual

89
Q

What are three types of sexual reproduction?

A

Bisexual reproduction
Hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis

90
Q

What does dioecious mean?

A

Having male and female gonads in separate individuals

91
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

Having both male and female gonads in the same organism; hermaphroditic

92
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

Reproduction in which eggs are released by the female, development of offspring occurs outside the maternal body,

93
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

Reproduction in which eggs develop within the female body, which provides nutritional aid

94
Q

Is fertilization of oviparous organisms external or internal?

95
Q

Is fertilization of viviparous organisms internal or external?

96
Q

What does ovoviviparous mean?

A

Reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent, hatch within the parent or immediately after laying

97
Q

Is ovoviviparous organism fertilization internal or external?

Organisms 2 (2 decks)

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