AEBI 211 Final Flashcards
1
Q
Is arthropod exoskeleton hard or soft?
A
hard
2
Q
What kind of legs do arthropods have?
A
jointed legs
3
Q
What are the different subphyla of Arthropoda?
A
chelicerata
myriapoda
crustacea
hexapoda
4
Q
What kind of body cavity do arthropods have?
A
coelomate
5
Q
protostome or deuterostome? lophotrochozoa or ecdysozoa? for arthropoda
A
protostomia and ecdysozoa
6
Q
do arthropods form mouth or anus from the blastopore?
A
mouth
7
Q
Do arthropods have a complete gut?
A
yes
8
Q
what kind of body symmetry do arthropods have?
A
bilateral
9
Q
what type of reproduction do arthropods do?
A
sexual
10
Q
Name 6 adaptations of arthropods
A
- Versatile exoskeleton
- Segmentation and specialized appendages
- Air piped directly to cells
- Highly developed sensory organs
- Complex behaviours
- Trophic breadth through metamorphosis
11
Q
what is an exoskeleton?
A
erxternal skeleton
11
Q
A
12
Q
what is the exoskeleton called in arthropods and nematodes?
A
cuticle
13
Q
What secretes the cuticle in arthropods?
A
underlying epidermis
14
Q
what nitrogenous polysaccharide does the cuticle contain?
A
chitin
15
Q
What is chitin?
A
nitrogenous polysaccaride, very tough
16
Q
What is chitin found in?
A
- Setae (or ‘chetae’) of annelids
- Arthropod exoskeleton
- Mollusc radula
- Cephalopod internal shell (e.g. squid beak)
- Cell walls of fungi
17
Q
name 3 characterisitics of the cuticle
A
heavy
hard and waterproof
thin and flexible between segments
18
Q
How do arthropods increase their body size?
A
they molt
19
Q
What is molting?
A
shed old feathers, hair, skin or shell to make way for new growth
20
Q
What is ecdysis?
A
shedding of outer cuticle, as in insects or crustaceans
21
Q
What is the difference between ecdysis and molting?
A
ecdysis is a more specific term than molting
it is a define feature of ecdysozoa
22
Q
Do arthropods exibit metamerism?
A
yes
23
Q
what are tagmata?
A
compound body section of an arthropod resulting from
embryonic fusion of two or more segments
24
Give an example of tagmata in arthropods
head
thorax
cephalothorax
abdomen
trunk
25
how many tagmata do hexapods have?
3
26
name the 3 tagmata of hexapoda
head, thorax, abdomen
27
what are the appendages on for hexapoda?
head and thorax
28
name the two classes of hexapoda
entognatha
insecta
29
what are two characteristics of class entognatha?
wingless
base of mouthparts enclosed
30
name two characteristics of class insecta
base of mouthparts visible
two pairs of wings on thorax
31
What makes up entognatha?
collembola+diplura+protura
32
Is entognatha mono, para or polyphyletic?
paraphyletic
33
How many tagmata do chelicerates have?
2
34
Name the two tagmata of chelicerates
cephalothorax + abdomen
35
What are the 6 pairs of cephalothoracic appendages of chelicerates?
1 pair of chelicerae (mouthparts)
1 pair pedipalps (second pair of appendages)
4 pairs of walking legs
36
How many tagmata do myriapods have?
2
37
Name the two tagmata of myriapods
head and trunk
38
How many pairs of antennae do crustaceans have?
2
39
where are appendages of crustaceans?
on each body segment
40
Which arthropod subphylum is primarily aquatic?
Crustacea
41
How does the boxer crab function
with its claws full of anemones?
Use their first walking legs
(sometimes 2nd and 3rd) for
functions normally performed by
claws (e.g. gathering food)
42
What are the two types of circulatory systems?
Closed and open
43
Where is the blood contained in a closed circulatory system?
within vessels
44
Who can have a closed circulatory system?
vertebrates and some invertebrates
45
Where is the blood contained in an open circulatory system?
confined to vessels in only a portion of circuit through body
46
Where does the blood mix with interstitial fluids in an open circulatory system?
In the hemocoel
47
Because it is mixed with fluid what is blood called in arthropods and some molluscs?
Hemolymph
48
How is oxygen delivered to cells in vertebrates?
through blood
49
How is oxygen delivered in aquatic arthropods?
Through gills and carried by hemolymph
50
How is oxygen carried in most land arthropods?
air tubes called tracheae for gas exchange
51
In most land arthropods the breathe using a trachae, does the hemolymph carry oxygen?
no
52
How does the tracheae deliver oxygen to tissues?
through holes or valves
53
Name two types of sensory organs in arthropods
compound eye
antennae
54
What is the function of antennae?
touch and smell
55
What kinds of behaviors do arthropods exhibit?
simple and complex behaviors
56
Give an example of simple behaviors in arthropods
orientation of a moth towards light
56
Give an example of complex behavior in arthropods
wasp brings food to her eggs
56
What is metamorphosis?
Sharp change in form during postembryonic development
56
Which species metamorphose?
species with indirect development
57
what is trophic breadth?
Larval and adult forms live in different niches; have different
sources of food, experience different selective pressures
58
Name two types of development in insects
direct and indirect development
59
What are the 3 stages of ametabolous metamorphosis?
egg, juvenile, adult
60
what are 2 characteristics of direct development?
Ametabolous
Young or juveniles are similar to adults except in size and sexual
maturation
61
Name two types of indirect development
hemimetabolous and holometabolous
62
Give 2 characteristics of indirect development
Passes through larval stage capable of feeding itself
Undergoes metamorphosis to reach adult stage
63
Name the 3 stages of hemimetabolous metamorphosis
egg, nymph, adult
64
Give 3 characteristics of hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Wings develop externally as budlike growths
nymph resembles adult in form and eating habits
Nymph may differ from adult in size, body proportions, colour pattern
65
Is hemimetabolous metamorphosis considered complete or incomplete?
incomplete
66
Name the 4 stages of holometabolous metamorphosis
egg, larva, pupa, adult
67
Name 4 characteristics of holometabolous metamorphosis
Separate stages for growth (larva), differentiation (pupa), and reproduction (adult)
Larva are wormlike
Pupae are usually inactive (nonfeeding) and enveloped by a case
No further molting occurs in adult stage
68
Is holometabolous metamorphosis considered to be complete or incomplete?
complete
69
True or False: Arthropods that continue to grow as adults, continue to moult throughout their lives
true
70
True or False: Most spiders (Chelicerata) and insects (Hexapoda) stop moulting as adults
True
71
Do spiders undergo metamorphosis?
no
72
What are the different life stages of a spider?
egg, juvenile, adult
73
Do spiders molt?
yes
74
What is an instar?
Phase between molts in insects or other invertebrates
75
What are 3 developmental tendencies of protostomia?
Spiral mosaic cleavage
mouth from blastopore
coelom from schizocoely
76
What are 3 developmental tendencies of deuterostomia?
radial regulative cleavage
Anus from blastopore
coelom by enterocoely
77
What does the phylum chaetognatha refer to?
Arrow worms
78
chaetognaths developmental characters suggest that they are protostomes or deuterostomes and why?
deuterostomes
anus arises from blastopore
coelom formation is enterocoelous
79
Chaetognaths molecular data suggests that they are protostomes or deuterostomes and why?
protostomes cleavage is similar to crustaceans and nematodes
80
Chaetognatha is an example of a....
Polytomy
81
What does phylum hemichordata refer to?
Wormlike bottom dwellers ( acorn worms)
82
How many germ layers do echinoderms have?
3
83
what kind of coelom do echinoderms have?
eucoelomate
84
Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?
deuterostomes
85
Do echinoderms have a complete gut?
yes but blind gut in brittle stars
86
How do echinoderms reproduce?
sexual and asexual ( fragmentation)
87
What type of body symmetry do echinoderms have?
pentaradial
88
What animals do echinoderms refer to?
sea stars
brittle stars
sea urchins
sea cucumbers
sea lillies
89
Who are the closest living relatives to chordates?
echinoderms and hemihordates
90
Name 3 key characteristics of phylum echinodermata
endoskeleton
pentaradial symmetry
water vascular system
91
What is an endoskeleton?
skeleton or supporting framework within the living tissues of an organism
92
What is the endoskeleton made of?
Made of small calcareous plates
(“ossicles”) bound together with connective tissue
93
where is the endoskeleton of sea stars?
beneath the epidermis, but calcareous spines poke through
94
Are echinoderms appealing prey?
no
95
Who is bilateral symmetry adaptive for?
motile animals
96
Who is radial symmetry adaptive for?
sessile animals
97
What kind of symmetry to echinoderm larvae have?
bilateral
98
True or False: Some groups (e.g. sea cucumbers, some sea urchins) have
secondarily evolved a superficial bilateral organization
True
99
True or false: the water vascular system is not unique to echinoderms
FAlse
100
What is the water vascular system made of?
canals and specialized tube feet
101
What is the function of the water vascular system?
locomotion, food gathering, respiration, and excretion
102
Name 3 classes of echinodermata
Asteroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
103
What kind of symmetry does class asteroidea have?
Pentaradial symmetry
104
What is found along the ambulacral grooves?
Tube feet
105
What is the madreporite?
the structure where water enters the water vascular system
106
Describe the water vascular system in asteroidea
1-System opens to the outside through the madreporite
2- Madreporite leads to a series of canals
3- Canals are connected to the podia (tube feet)
4- Podia stick through the ossicles in the ambulacral groove
5- Muscles and valves control the amount of fluid flowing
into the podia – creates movement
107
Many sea stars are omnivorous, herbivorous or carnivorous?
carnivorous
108
NAme the steps to a sea star eating a clam
Wrap yourself around prey
Attach podia to valves and pull apart
Insert soft, everted stomach into the gap between valves
Begin digestion
Pull stomach back in
109
True or false: sea stars can regenerate
True
110
True or false: Some species can regenerate a whole new sea
star from a severed arm
True
111
are sea stars mono or dioecious?
dioecious
112
Do sea stars do internal or external fertilization
external
113
What kind of larvae do sea stars produce?
free-swimming planktonic larvae
114
What kind of symmetry do sea star larvae have?
bilateral
115
In sea stars the bilateral larva becomes?
a radial juvenile
116
How do sea stars reproduce asexually?
by fragmentation and regeneration
117
what does echinoidea refer to?
sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchin
118
What type of symmetry do echinoidea have?
radial
119
What does holothuroidea refer to?
sea cucumbers
120
what kind of symmetry do sea cucumbers have?
pentaradial
121
What kind of symmetry do chordates have?
bilateral
122
What kind of gut do chordates have ?
complete gut
123
Do chordates exhibit metamerism?
yes
124
True or false: chordates dont have cephalization
false
125
Are chordate proto or deuterostomes?
deuterostomes
126
What kind of cleavage do chordates do?
radial
127
Ture or false: in chordates the mouth is derived from the blastopore
false
128
True or false: in chordates the coelom is formed by schizocoely
false
129
is protochordata a monophyletic group?
no
130
What two subphyla does protochordata include?
urochordata
cephalochordata
131
Which subphyla are the only invertebrate chordates?
Urochordata and cephalochordata
132
What are urochordates commonly called?
tunicates
133
What does cephalochordata refer to?
lancelets
134
where to lancelets live?
sandy sediments of coastal waters
135
lancelets lack which features that are found in true vertebrates?
brain and vertebrae
136
What are the 5 hallmarks of the Phylum Chordata?
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
3. Pharyngeal pouches or slits
4. Endostyle for filter feeding
5. Postanal tail for propulsion
137
What is a notochord?
Flexible, rod-like body of fluid-filled cells enclosed by a fibrous sheath
138
True or false: All members of phylum Chordata posess a notochord
true
139
What role does the notochord have in nervous system development?
organizational role
140
The notochord persists throughout life in which animal categories?
jawless vertebrates and protochordates
141
In jawed vertebrates, what does the notochord become?
vertebral column
142
True or false: the nerve cord is hollow in all chordates
true
143
What is the nerve chord dorsal to in all chordates?
Digestive tract and notochord
144
In craniates, what does the anterior end of the nerve chord become?
enlarges to become the brain
145
In craniates, what does the nerve chord pass through?
vertebrae
146
What is the brain surrounded by in craniates?
bony cartilaginous cranium
147
True or false: invertebrates can't have a nerve cord
false
148
What are pharyngeal pouchesT
Openings that lead from the
pharyngeal cavity to the outside
149
What is the pharyngeal cavity?
opening of the pharynx
150
What is the pharynx?
the part of the digestive
tract between the mouth and the
esophagus that, in vertebrates, is
common to both the digestive and
the respiratory tracts.
151
What form and function do the pharyngeal slits take on in Protochordates?
perforated pharynx functions as a filter-feeding apparatus
152
What form and function do the Pharyngeal pouches take o in aquatic chordates?
bear gills used in gas exchange in some aquatic chordates
153
What form and function do the Pharyngeal pouches take on in tetrapods?
are only present in the embryonic stage
give rise to several different structures including Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, and parathyroid gland
154
What animals does the endostyle or thyroid gland occur in?
all chordates and no other animals
155
What is the role of the endostyle in protochordates and lamprey larvae?
Secretes mucus that traps food particles brought into the pharyngeal cavity
156
What do the cells in the endostyle secrete?
iodinated proteins
157
What do adult lampreys and other vertebrates have instead of an endostyle?
thyroid gland
158
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
regulates metabolism and helps to produce and regulate other hormones
159
What is the role of the postanal tail in protochordates?
provides motility
160
Is the postanal tail present in humans?
Present in humans only as a vestige (the coccyx, a series of small vertebrae at the end of the spinal column)
161
What does Craniata include?
Gnathostomata and Agnatha
162
What does Gnathostomata refer to?
Craniates with jaws
163
What does Agnatha refer to?
Jawless fishes
164
What does Gnathostomata include?
Teleostomi and Chondricthyes
165
What does Teleostomi include?
Osteichthyes and tetrapods
166
What does Fishes include?
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
167
Which classes make up agnatha?
Class Myxini
class petromyzontida
168
Chich animals does Chondrichthyes include?
Sharks, rays, and chimaeras
169
Which classes are part of Osteichthyes?
Class Actinopterygii
Class Sarcopterygii
170
What does Tetrapoda include?
Amniota and Amphibia
171
What did tetrapods evolve from?
evolved from four limbed ancestors
172
True or false: all extant tetrapods have four limbs
false
173
What are the 3 major orders of amphibians?
Order Gymnophiona
Order Urodela
Order Anura
174
What does amniotes include?
Reptilia and Mammalia
175
Is amniota a mono, para, polyphyletic group within vertebrata?
monophyletic
176
Which animals does amniota include?
Nonavian reptiles
Birds
mammals
177
True or false: amniotes have gilled larvae
false
178
Do amniotes do internal or external fertilization?
internal
179
What does reptilia include?
Lepidosauria, Testudines and Archosauria
180
Which animals does testudines include?
turtles
181
What animals does Lepidosauria include?
tuataras
squamata
182
Which animals does Archosauria include?
crocodilians and birds
183
What are the two groupd of living birds?
Paleognathae and Neognathae
184
What are the 3 groups that make up Mammals?
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental mammals
185
What is Ichthyology?
The study of fishes
186
Historically what do we characterize as fish?,
“Mixed assortment of water-dwelling animals”
187
What is a fish today?
* Aquatic vertebrate
* Gills
* Appendages, if present, in the form of fins
* Skin with scales
188
Are fish a monophylectic group?
no
189
What are the 4 types of scales?
Placoid, Ganoid , Cycloid and Ctenoid
190
name 3 characteristics of placoid scales.
-Small, conical, toothlike structures
- typical of chondrichthyes
- Modified to teeth in sharks
191
What shape do Ganoid scales have?
Diamond shaped
192
Give 2 characteristics of Cycloid and Ctenoid scales.
* Arranged in overlapping rows
* Typical of teleost fish
193
What is the propulsive mechanism in fish?
trunk and tail musculature
194
True or false: a flexible body plan is conductive to speed in fish?
false
195
How is movement achieved in fish?
through undulation of the posterior end
196
What is the swim bladder?
gas-filled organ
197
Which kind of fish is the swim bladder present in?
most pelagic (open sea) bony
fishes
198
Which kinds of fish is the swim bladder absent from?
from tuna, most abyssal (very deep)
fish, and most bottom-dwellers
199
Why is the swim bladder absent in abyssal fishes?
Deep fishes don’t have as much need to maintain neutral buoyancy
200
Why is the swim bladder absent if tuna?
Tuna never stop moving – fast swimmers
201
True or false: Chondricthyes have a swim bladder
False
202
What do chondricthyes have instead of a swim bladder?
* Asymmetrical tail provides lift,
* Large livers with squalene (particularly buoyant lipid)
203
What do most fishes use for respiration?
gills, breathe dissolved oxygen
204
Where are gills located?
Gills are located in the pharyngeal cavity
205
What covers the gills in bony fishes?
Operculum
206
True or false: Operculum is present in sharks and Rays
false
207
what is the role of the Operculum?
Increases efficiency of respiration
208
True or false: some fishes have lungs
true
209
What are gills composed of?
Gill composed of thin filaments covered with an epidermal
membrane
210
What do the lamellae in gills contain?
main blood capillaries
211
Where does gas exchange happen in gills?
across thin walls of blood capillaries
212
What is osmotic regulation?
Maintenance of balance of fluids
213
What kind of osmotic regulators are freshwater fish?
hyperosmotic regulators
214
What kind of osmotic regulators are marine fish?
hypoosmotic regulators
215
in hyperosmotic regulators is the salt concentration greater in the fish or in the water?
in fish
216
In hyperosmotic regulators, what pumps out the water?
kidneys
217
In hyperosmotic regulators, what moves salt from water to blood?
Salt absorbing cells in the gills
218
In hypoosmotic regulators, is salt concentration greater in fish or water?
in water
219
In hypoosmotic regulators what moves salt out of body?
Salt secretory cells in gills
220
How is salt voided in hypoosmotic regulators?
with feces or excreted by the Kidney
221
Do hagfishes have a vertebral column or jaw?
no
222
True of false: hagfishes are entirely marine
true
223
Are hagfish parasitic?
no
224
What is a defense mechanism of hagfishes?
they produce slime
225
What do hagfishes have on their tongue?
keratinized plates
226
What class does the lamprey belong to?
Petromyzontida
227
What kind of fishes are chondrichthyes?
cartilaginous fishes
228
Name 3 distinct features of Chondrichthyes
* Cartilaginous skeleton
* Bone entirely absent
* Derived feature - descended from ancestors
with well-developed bone
229
What kind of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
placoid
230
Name 3 characteristics of the asymmetrical heterocercal tail of sharks
* Vertebral column turns upward and extends into the dorsal lobe of
the tale
* Provides lift as the shark swims
* Must constantly move to avoid sinking (even while sleeping!)
231
What are the 2 groups of Osteichthyes?
* Ray-finned fishes
* Lobe-finned fishes
232
Which was mainly preserved in lobe-finned fishes, gills of lungs?
lungs
233
Which was mainly preserved in ray-finned fishes, gills or lungs?
gills
234
What kind of tail do ray-finned fishes have?
Symmetrical homocercal
tail allows for greater speed
235
What kind of tail do lobe-finned fishes have?
Diphycercal tails
236
How do lungfishes breathe?
Breathe with gills and lungs
237
True or false: lungfishes can live out of water for extended periods of time
true
238
Where did life originate?
in water
239
True or false: Vertebrates were the first to transition to land
false
240
Who were the first to transition to land?
Vascular plants, and terrestrial snails and arthropods made this
transition much earlier than did vertebrates
241
Name 4 differences between aquatic and terrestrial environment
1. oxygen content
2. fluid density
3. temperature regulation
4. habitat diversity
242
What are amphibian limbs homologous to in lobe-finned fishes?
paires fins
243
Which lobe-finned fish foreshadows tetrapod limbs?
Eusthenopteron
244
Name 3 characteristics of Acanthostega
-Well-formed fore- and hindlimbs
-8 fully evolved toes
-Too weak to walk on land
245
Name 4 characteristics of Ichthyostega
* Could walk on land
* Fully developed shoulder girdle and hip girdle
* Well-developed muscles
* 7 toes
246
Name 3 characteristics of Limnoscelis
* Terrestrial
* 5 digits on fore- and hindlimbs
* Became tetrapod standard
247
name the 3 major orders of amphibians
* Order Gymnophiona – Caecilians
* Order Urodela – Salamanders
* Order Anura - Frogs (includes toads)
248
What are 4 general characteristics of amphibians?
* Freshwater or moist terrestrial habitats
* Ectothermic
* Integument (skin) modified for respiration
* Mesolecithal eggs with jellylike membrane coverings
249
What does ectothermic mean?
body temperature dependent upon environmental temperature and not
generated metabolically
250
Are amphibians mono or dioecious?
dioecious
251
Are amphibians oviparous or viviparous?
oviparous
252
Are amphibian eggs aquatic or terrestrial?
aquatic
253
Do amphibians metamorphose?
yes
254
what are 3 ways that amphibians do respiration?
* Cutaneous respiration
* Buccal breathing
* Gills and/or lung
255
True or false: In many species aquatic larvae lose gills at
metamorphosis
True
256
What do external gills develop from in amphibians?
pharyngeal slits
257
True or false: external gills in amphibians are exposed to the environment
true
258
Where are Gymnophiona's found?
Tropical climates
259
Name 4 characteristics of gymnophiona
Elongated, limbless, burrowing animals and small eyes
260
What is the ancestral life cycle of amphibians?
aquatic larvae metamorphose into terrestrial adults
261
Where do mudpuppies lay eggs
in water
262
What are 2 characteristics of mudpuppy aquatic larvae?
external gills and finlike tail
263
True or false: adult mudpuppies retain external gills and remain
in aquatic environment
true
264
True or false: mudpuppies dont have lungs
false
265
What is Paedomorphosis?
evolution of an adult form that resembles an ancestral juvenile
266
Does the larval form of Amphiumas have gills?
yes
267
When do Amphiumas lose gills?
before adulthood
268
Do Amphiumas have legs?
yes they have vestigial legs
269
What kind of fertilization do pygmy salamanders do?
internal
270
Where do pygmy salamander deposit eggs?
Deposit eggs in small, grapelike clusters under logs or in excavations in soft moist earth
271
All salamanders use which kind of respiration?
cutaneous
272
What does order anura refer to?
frogs
273
Do adult Anura have tails?
no
274
Are frogs ectothermic?
yes
275
Are toads frogs?
yes
276
What are three respiratory surfaces for gas exchange in adult Anura?
skin
mouth
lungs
277
What kind of development do order anura do?
indirect development
278
name 4 characteristics of tadpoles
* long finned tail
* External and sometimes internal gills
* no legs
* specialized mouthparts for herbivorous feeding
279
Does paedomorphosis happen in frogs and toads?
no
280
What is the typical life cycle of order Anura?
* In spring, males call intensively to attract females
* Eggs are fertilized externally during amplexus
* Jelly layer of the egg absorbs water and swells
* At hatching tadpole has a distinct head and body with a compressed tail
* Mouth (on ventral side) has keratinized jaws for scraping vegetation (herbivores)
* Swellings occur on each side of the head which become external gills
* Hindlimbs appear first, then forelimbs
* Tail is absorbed
* Internal changes as well; intestine becomes shorter, mouth is transformed, lungs
develop, and the gills are absorbed
* Time to metamorphosis is variable and sensitive to environmental changes
* Adults are carnivores
281
What is an amniotic egg
terrestrial egg
282
What is an anamniotic egg?
aquatic egg
283
Are larval amphibians cannibalistic?
* Most tadpoles are herbivores,
but can also be opportunistic
omnivores
* May consume other tadpoles
when resources or scarce
284
Do axolotls exhibit direct development?
* No, they still go through
various larval stages
285
Name 7 adaptations of amniotes
1. Amniotic egg
2. Thicker and more waterproof skin
3. Rib ventilation of the lungs
4. Stronger jaws
5. High-pressure cardiovascular systems
6. Water-conserving nitrogen excretion
7. Expanded brain and sensory organs
286
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes of an amniotic egg?
* Amnion
* Chorion
* Allantois
* Yolk sac
287
What is the role of the amnion?
* encloses embryo in fluid (aqueous medium for growth)
* cushions embryo
288
What is the role of the chorion?
* surrounds the entire egg and is highly vascularized
* Participates in gas exchange (02 in, C02 out)
* In most mammals, it contributes to the placenta
289
What is the role of the allantois?
* Participates in gas exchange and stores metabolic waste (uric acid) in birds and
nonavian reptiles
* Role in development of the placenta in most mammals
290
What is the role of the yolk sac?
* Also found in anamniotes (tends to be larger in amniotes)
* Stores nutrients
* In marsupials and placental mammals the yolk sac doesn’t store yolk, but
contributes to the placenta
291
True or false: Amniotes have more well-developed lungs than
amphibians
true
292
What does more well developped lungs in amniotes reflect?
an increase in metabolic demands and a reduced ability to
breathe through skin
293
What kind of ventilation breathing do amphibians use?
positive
294
What does positive ventilation breathing mean?
push air from oral and pharyngeal cavity into lungs
295
What kind of ventilation breathing do amniotes use?
negative
296
What does negative ventilation breathing mean?
expand thoracic cavity to pull air into lungs
297
What are fish jaws designed for?
suction feeding
298
Is tetrapod jaw stronger or weaker than fish jaw?
stronger
299
what is mammals strong jaw adapted for?
Mastication
300
Do amphibians chew?
no, they swallow their prey whole
301
Why is a high pressure cardiovascular system adaptive for terrestrial organisms?
* Higher metabolic needs
* Heart must pump blood ‘uphill’ (i.e. counteract gravity)
302
How many heart chambers do amphibians and most nonavian reptiles have?
3
303
How ay heart chambers do birds and mammals have?
4
304
rank urea uric acid and ammonia from most to least toxic
ammonia
urea
uric acid
305
where is urea concentrated?
kidneys
306
which organ receives dilute urine?
bladder
307
What are 2 advantages of expanded brain and sensory organs?
* Better integration of sensory information
* Better control of muscles during locomotion
308
What is the traditional definition of class reptilia?
* included snakes, lizards, tuataras, crocodilians, and turtles
25
* Also extinct groups: dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and early
mammal-like reptiles
* This is a paraphyletic group, because it doesn’t include birds
309
What is the modern definition of reptilia?
* includes ‘nonavian reptiles’ (as listed above) and birds
* Crocodilians and birds belong to a clade within Reptilia called
Archosauria
* Also includes the extinct dinosaurs
310
What do non-avian reptiles use for smell?
tongue
311
Name 3 orders of class reptilia?
Order Testudines
Superorder Lepidosauria
Archosauria
312
Which of the 3 orders or class reptilia is a superorder?
Lepidosauria
313
True of false: non-avian reptiles are ectothermic
true
314
name a characteristic of non-avian reptile epidermal scales
they are keratinized
315
Are non-avian reptiles mono or dioecious?
dioecious
316
Do non avian reptiles have a larval stage
no
317
what is keratin?
Fibrous structural protein
318
What is keratin function analogous to?
chitin
319
What is chitin?
Nitrogenous polysaccaride
320
Which phyla is chitin found in?
arthropods, molluscs and annelids
321
What is the outer layer of a turtle shell composed of?
keratin
322
What is the inner layer of a turtle shell made of?
bone
323
What is the bony layer in turtle shell a fusion of?
ribs, vertebrae and other bones
324
Where are turtle limbs located?
inside the ribs
325
Are testudines viviparous or oviparous?
oviparous
326
Is testudines fertilization internal or external?
internal
327
What are the characteristic features of squamata?
* Body covered with Scales
* Kinetic skulls
328
What is a kinetic skull?
* Highly mobile skull specializations
for swallowing large prey
* Major factor that enabling
diversification of snakes and
lizards
329
Are lizards a mon, para or polyphyletic group?
paraphyletic
330
Are lizards ectothermic?
yes
331
Are snakes a Mono, para or polyphyletic group?
monophyletic
332
what differentiates the snake vertebrae from other tetrapods?
Vertebrae are shorter, wider, and more numerous
333
How do snakes differ from lizards?
* No moveable eyelids (snakes eyes covered by a translucent cap)
* No external ear openings
* Internal ears only hear sounds in a limited range of low frequency
* Skull even more kinetic than lizard skull (larger range of motion)
334
How do snakes breathe when they eat prey?
* Tracheal opening is extended forward
between the mandibles
335
what is Jacobson's organ?
* Paired organs located in roof of
mouth
* Line with olfactory epithelium
336
Where are tuataras endemic to?
new zeland
337
True or false: tuataras are endangered species
true
338
Why are tuataras endangered?
* Threatened by non-native species (e.g. cats, dogs, rats, goats)
* Slow reproduction rate
339
Who are crocodilians more closely related to than other non-avian reptiles?
brids
340
Are crocodilians viviparous or oviparous?
oviparous
341
If the nest is low temperature what sex will the crocodilian be?
female
342
What sex will the crocodilian be at high nest temperatures?
male
343
Is the TSD result the same in crocodilians and turtles?
no they are opposite
344
What chromosome represent male and female in snakes lizards and turtles and birds
* Z/Z = male, Z/W = female
345
Which of the following is not an
extraembryonic membrane?
A. Amnion
B. Chorion
C. Allantois
D. Yolk
D. Yolk
346
Which group DOES NOT include
tuataras?
A. Gnathostomata
B. Squamata
C. Lepidosauria
D. Amniota
B. Squamata
347
Name a feature unique to birds
feathers
348
True or false: All birds have feathers, and all animals that have feathers are birds
True
349
What are beaks and feathers made of?
keratin
350
Are birds viviparous or oviparous?
oviparous
351
Name the two groups of living birds
Paleognathae
Neognathae
352
Name 2 characteristics of paleognathae
large flightless birds
flat sternum with poorly developed pectoral muscles
353
Do all neognathes fly?
nearly all
354
name 1 characteristic of neognathae birds
keeled sternum with powerful flight muscles
355
What are the two competing theories for how flight evolved in birds?
Arboreal theory
cursorial theory
356
What is the Arboreal Theory?
Ancestors climbed to high places (e.g. trees) and glided down
357
What is the Cursorial Theory?
Ancestors flapped their wings to launch into air from ground
358
Which flight hypothesis is thought to be more likely?
Arboreal hypothesis
359
What is the evidence for the arboreal theory?
extant flightless species which can glide
360
What is a weakness of the Arboreal theory?
few feathered dinosaurs were arboreal
361
What is evidence for the cursorial theory?
chukar partridge chicks use wingbeats to assist running up steep inclines
362
What is a weakness of the cursorial hypothesis?
difficult to overcome gravity
363
Name 6 adaptations to flight
Wings for lift and propulsion
Bones light yet rigid
Respiratory system highly efficient
Rapid and efficient digestive system
Energy-rich diet
High-pressure circulatory system
364
What do feathers play a role in?
* Mating
* Territorial Dominance
* Regulation of body temperature
* Camouflage
* Flight
365
Name 4 parts of feathers
Shaft
Vanes
Barbs
Barbules
366
What is the shaft of feathers made of?
Calamus and rachis
367
Where from the barbs of feathers emerge from?
rachis
368
Where do the barbules emerge from?
emerge from each barb
369
Name 4 characteristics of pennaceous feathers
Interlocking barbules
Stiff, flat, waterproof
370
Name 4 characteristics of Plumulaceous Feathers
Loosely arranged barbules
Fluffy, downy, warm
371
True or false: Feathers can only have either Pennaceous or plumulaceous feathers not both
false
372
Name 3 types of feathers
Contour feathers
Semiplumes
down
373
What are contour feathers?
the outermost feathers that give the
bird its form
374
What are Semiplumes?
beneath contour feathers
developed rachis but no hooks on
barbule
375
What are down feathers?
beneath contour feathers
soft tufts without a rachis
376
Name 3 types of contour feathers
Remiges
Retrices
coverts
377
Where are remiges found?
Wing feathers
378
What kind of veins do remiges have?
assymetrical
379
Where are remiges attached?
Attached by ligaments or directly to the bone
380
Where are retrices found?
Tail feathers
381
What type of vanes do retrices have?
symmetrical
382
How are retrices attached?
* Attached to each other by ligaments
* Only innermost are attached to the tailbone
383
What is the role of coverts?
Help shape the wing and provide insulation
384
True or false: feathers are alive and can heal when damaged
false
385
True or false: birds molt
true
386
What are 2 characteristics of molting in birds?
Molt takes energy
Plumage can change with molt
387
What are bird bones laced with?
air cavities
388
True or false: bird bones are pneumatized
true
389
Why are birds skull and wings light and legs are heavy?
Lowers center of gravity of bird and improves aerodynamic stability
390
True or false: Birds vertebrae are fused
true, except for neck
391
What does the keel provide?
point of attachment for
powerful flight muscles
392
Which muscles are attached to the keel of the sternum?
The pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscle
393
Which muscle depresses the wings in flight?
The pectoralis
394
Which is the largest muscle in birds?
the pectoralis
395
Which muscle raises the wing?
The supracoracoideus muscle
396
Where is the supracoracoideus muscle located?
between the pectoralis and the sternum
397
how is the supracoracoideus attached to the upper wing bone?
by a tendon
398
Where do tendons extend into from the leg muscles?
into the toes
399
Are there muscles in the foot of birds?
no
400
True or false: When a bird settles on a perch the tendons tighten automatically
True
401
Where are air sacs found in birds?
Throughout thorax and abdomen and bones
402
What are air sac connected to in birds?
lungs
403
How many cycles does it take a single breath to pass through the system in birds?
2
404
What are Alveoli?
small sacs surrounded by capillaries, where gas exchange takes place in mammals
405
What are parabronchi?
tubelike structure in birds homologous to alveoli in mammals
406
Do all mammals have hair?
yes
407
Are mammals mono or dioecious?
dioecious
408
Are mammals endo or ectothermic?
endothermic
409
what are 3 groups of mammals?
monotremes
marsupials
placenta mammals
410
What distinguishes mammals as a group?
the integumentary system
411
True or false: All mammals have hair, and all animals with hair are mammals
true
412
Name 5 uses for hair
* Concealment
* Behavioral signaling
* Waterproofing
* Buoyancy
* Thermal insulation
413
What are cetaceans?
Sensory bristles on snout
These are lost before or short after
birth
414
name 2 kinds of hair
underhair
guard hair
415
What does guard hair do in aquatic mammals?
gets wet and forms a protective
layer over the underhair
416
True or false: underhair gets wet in aquatic mammals
false
417
what is hair made of?
Dead epidermal cells containing
keratin
418
true or false: Humans lose and regrow hair continuously through life
true
419
True or false: Most mammals have two annual molts – spring and fall
true
420
Give 2 examples of modified hairs
porcupine quills
whiskers (vibrissae)
421
What are the 2 parts of horns?
interior bone
sheath of keratin
422
in what family are horns found?
bovidae
423
Are horns branched?
no
424
Do horns shed?
no
425
What is the role of horns?
used for social interactions, competition for females
426
What are antlers made of?
solid bone
427
What family do we see antlers in ?
Cervidae
428
Do antlers shed?
yes
429
Are antlers branched?
yes
430
What is the role of antlers?
social interactions, competition for females
431
what are the 4 classes of glands?
* Sweat
* Scent
* Sebaceous
* Mammary
432
what is a gland?
An organ or group of cells that
secretes a substance that is
used or excreted by the body
433
What are 2 types of sweat glands?
Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands
434
What does eccrine glands secrete?
Secrete watery fluid
435
Where does the sweat produced by eccrine glands occur?
Occur in hairless regions (e.g. foot pads) in most mammals
Occur all over the body in humans and horses
436
What kind of sweat does apocrine glands secrete?
Secrete thicker fluid that dries on skin to form a film
437
When do apocrine glands develop?
Develop near puberty in armpits, groin, breasts, and external auditory
canals (in humans)
438
What is the role of apocrine glands?
Acts in thermoregulation in some mammals and as a pheromone in others
439
What are scent glands used for ?
Communication, Marking territory, Warning, Defense
440
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Secreted cells expel a greasy mixture called sebum into hair follicle
441
Where are sebaceous glands in humans?
mostly located on scalp and face
442
What is the role of mammary glands?
Produce milk for young
443
How is milk secreted in most mammals?
via nipples
444
name 3 basic trophic categories
* Carnivores
* Herbivores
* Omnivores
445
True or false: Dentition and digestive system adapted for diet
true
446
True of false: No vertebrates synthesize cellulose-splitting enzymes
true
447
How do we break cellulose into glucose?
* anaerobic bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes produce cellulases in
the gut
* These enzymes can break down cellulose via fermentation
448
How many chambers do ruminant stomachs have?
4
449
How do ruminants digest grass ( give the steps)?
* Grass passes down the esophagus to the rumen
* Digested by microorganisms in rumen
* Ruminant returns cud to its mouth, and ‘re-chews’ it
* Returns to the rumen where it undergoes a second round of fermentation
* Then carries on through “true stomach” (abomasum) where normal digestion occurs
* Further fermentation occurs in the cecum
450
What kinds of teeth do carnivores have?
Shearing and piercing teeth,
451
true or false: carnivorous mammals Can survive for a long time without food
true
452
do insectivores have a cecum?
no
453
do carnivores have a cecum?
small cecum
454
do non ruminant herbivores have a cecum?
large cecum
455
do ruminants have a cecum?
large cecum
456
What are the 3 main branches of mammals?
Prototheria
Metatheria
Eutheria
457
Which of the following statements about
horns is NOT true?
A. part of the integumentary system
B. Seasonally shed
C. composed of keratin and bone
D. Used for social interaction
B
458
Which is a function of the secretion of a
sebaceous gland?
A. nourish young
B. keep hair glossy
C. thermoregulation
D. communication
B
459
Which is typical of the digestive track of
ruminant herbivores?
A. Long digestive tract, large cecum
B. Medium digestive tract, large cecum
C. Short digestive tract, small cecum
D. Short digestive tract, no cecum
460
Why do mammals require circulatory system to work over large distances?
Because of high metabolic demands
461
What are 3 distinct components of circulatory systems?
1- fluid (blood or hemolymph)
2.pump
3. vessels
462
Which phylums have closed circulatory systems?
chordates
annelids
cephalopod molluscs
463
What are the 2 types of vessels in the cardiovascular system?
arteries and veins
464
How does the oxygenated blood return to the heart?
arteries
465
How does the deoxygenated blood return to heart?
veins
466
What vessels is gas exchanged through?
capillaries
467
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
2
468
How many loops does the fish circulatory system have?
1
469
How many chambers does amphibian and non avian reptiles heart have?
3
470
How many loops does amphibians and non avian reptiles circulatory system have?
2
471
How many chambers do crocodilians, birds and mammals heart have?
4
472
How many loops does crocodilians, birds and mammals circulatory system have?
2
473
What are the two reproductive strategies?
r-selected reproduction
k-selected reproduction
474
Name 3 characteristics of r-selected reproduction
-short life expectancy
-many offspring
-no parental care
475
Name 3 characteristics of k-selected reproduction
-long life expectancy
-few offspring
-parental care
476
Name 3 types of sexual reproduction
bisexual reproduction
hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis
477
What is parthenogenesis?
embryo develops from unfertilized egg
478
Why is parthenogenesis referred to as incomplete sexual reproduction?
Offspring are formed from gametes but only one parent contributes genetic material
479
Name two types of parthenogenesis
Haploid Parthenogenesis
Diploid Parthenogenesis
480
What is haploid parthenogenesis?
Haploid ovum formed by meiosis ( result in haploid offspring)
481
What are the 2 types of diploid parthenogenesis?
automixis
apomixis
482
What is automixis?
meiosis occurs but diploid condition is restored, offspring are not clones of parent
483
What is apomixis?
no meiosis occurs, offspring are clones of parents
484
Do fishes do k-selected or r-selected reproduction?
r- selected
485
What is the general pattern of reproduction for pelagic marine teleosts?
* minute, buoyant, transparent eggs
* Eggs hatch into larvae as they float in the ocean
486
What is the general pattern of reproduction for near-shore and benthic fish?
* Larger eggs, with more yolk
* Non-buoyant, adhesive
* Eggs are buried, attached to vegetation, deposited in nests
487
What is a sequential hermaphrodite?
can be both sexes but not at the same time (eg. clown fish)
488
How does the amazon molly reproduce?
diploid parthenogenesis( apomixis)
489
What is the cloaca in birds?
* opening to the reproductive system in males and females
* opening for the intestinal and urinary tract
490
DO birds generally have external genitalia?
no
491
True or false: birds are all dioecious and oviparous
true
492
How does internal fertilization happen in birds?
cloacal kiss
493
How do birds usually lay eggs?
Female generally lays one egg per day until she has a full clutch
494
What are the two types of egg layers?
determinate layers
indeterminate layers
495
what is a determinate layer?
produce a certain number of eggs and stop
496
What is an indeterminate layer?
replace eggs if some are removed
497
Are chickens determinate or indeterminate layers?
indeterminate
498
Name 2 developmental states of chicks
precocial
altricial
499
What is a precocial state?
* Hatch covered with down
* Can run or swim as soon as they hatch
* Most can’t fly 38
* Fairly independent, but still fed and protected from predators for some time
500
What is an altricial state?
* Smaller eggs, less yolk (less investment)
* Hatch naked
* Unable to see or walk at hatch
* Remain in the nest for 1-2 weeks or more
* Must be fed constantly by parents
501
True or false: mammals have defined mating seasons
true
502
The timing of mammal birth corresponds with which weather?
warmer weather
503
What lengthens the gestation period in mammals?
delayed implantation
504
What is female fertility restricted by?
the estrous cycle
505
What does estrous mean?
period of heat of a female mammal associated with ovulation
506
What does monoestrous mean?
single estrus during breeding season
507
What does polyestrous mean?
recurrence of estrus during breeding season
508
What is menstruation?
discharge of blood and uterine
endometrial tissue at the beginning of the menstrual cycle
509
True or false: most animals reabsorb the endometrial tissue
true
510
True or false: monotremes lay eggs
true
511
Where does the marsupial embryo develop?
outside the uterus
512
How is the embryo nourished in placental mammals?
through the placenta in the uterus
513
True or false: Embryos develop in uterus for 10 to 12 days (nourished through yolk)
true
514
What is secreted around monotremes embryo?
thin leathery shell
515
where do monotremes lay their eggs?
in a burrow or mothers pouch
516
True or false: monotremes have nipples
false
517
True or false: Most marsupials have specialized pouches where they continue to nurse and protect the young after birth
true
518
name one north american marsupial
opossums
519
What kind of placenta do marsupials have?
transient placenta
520
IS gestation long or short in marsupials?
short
521
Is lactation and parental care long or short in marsupials?
long
522
true or false: all marsupials have pouches
false
523
True or false: placental mammals have prolonged gestation
true
524
True or false: gestation period increases with animal size and lifespan in placental mammals?
true
525
what is placenta?
modified amniotic egg
526
what is amnion?
surrounds embryo with amniotic
fluid (as in other animals)
527
what is allantois?
yolk sac, and part of chorion
contribute to the placenta
528
what is chorion?
surrounds entire thing and
breaks as labour begins
529
What does the placenta attach?
attaches embryo to
mother’s uterine wall
530
what is migration?
seasonal mass movement
531
True or false: migration always only occurs once in the whole lifetime of the individual
false
532
Who migrates?
fish, crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles, insects, mammals
533
where to amphibians and reptile migrate to?
amphibians: aquatic breeding ground
reptiles: egg-laying site
534
Name one migration star
Bar-tailed godwit
535
Name 3 reasons why animals migrate
* Seasonal changes in the local environment
* Changing needs at different life stages
* Move to a suitable habitat for reproduction
536
What is hyperphagia?
* Excessive appetite
* intense period of feeding prior to migration
* Fat is stored for the long journey
537
True or false: Many species save energy by taking advantage of wind
patterns and water currents
true
538
True or false: all birds migrate
false
539
name 4 advantages of breeding in the arctic
* Long daylight hours and very productive ecosystem
* Ample resources
* Space (reduces competition)
* Relatively few predators
540
true or false: migration routes generally follow set paths
true
541
Are migration routes innate or learned?
can be both
542
what does panmitic mean?
all members of the species mate
randomly and are considered to form
one large population
543
What does catadromous mean?
they swim downstream
544
What species is catadromous?
freshwater eel
545
What does anadromous mean?
swim upstream
546
What species is anadromous?
salmon
547
Which species can survive a range of salinities?
Euryhaline
548
What are the two types of euryhaline fish?
catadromous and anadromous
549
True of false it is more difficult for terrestrial mammals to migrate than birds fish or marine mammals
true
550
Why is it more difficult for terrestrial mammals to migrate?
Terrestrial locomotion is more energetically costly than swimming
or flying
551
What is the difference between ‘communication’ and ‘language’?
language: words can be rearranged into novel combinations with different meanings
Animal communication: Typically each signal conveys a single message
552
Name 4 types of inforation that animal signals convey
species
sex
location
social status
553
Why is sound important in animals?
sound can be detected from all around
conveys complex information over long distances
554
Why do birds make vocalizations?
* Attract mate
* Defend territory
* Identify family members
* Alert flock to predators
* Share information about food
555
Name 2 types of bird vocalization
calls
songs
556
What are bird calls used for?
* Identify family members
* Alert flock to predators
* Share information about food
557
What are the 2 main functions of bird songs?
attract mate
defend territory
558
What is stridulation?
noise made by rubbing specialized body structures together
559
Why is sound important in aquatic environments?
visibility is limited in water
smell is limited in water
sound travels faster in water than in air
560
What is the use of sound in marine mammals?
social interactions
coordinating feeding/hunting
navigation
attracting mates
561
true or false humpback songs are only sung by males
true
562
true or false some fish have sonic muscles attached near swim bladder
true
563
true or false non avian reptiles are loud
false
564
true or false amphibians dont vocalize
false
565
