ADY - Climbing, Descending and Turning Flashcards
A climb is made possible by the surplus ….. remaining after drag has been accounted for
thrust
Forces in a climb
In a climb thrust must equal ……
drag and the drag component of weight
Forces in a climb
In a climb lift is ….. than weight as it is the excess ….. that allows the climb not the extra ……
less, thrust, lift
remember the example of a vertical climb - there is no lift component there only a thrust one!
there are 2 components to a climb name them …..
- Vertical motion = Rate of climb
- Horizontal motion = Ground speed
Vy = max surplus …..
power
Vy considers the height gained in a given …..
time
Vy is achieved by climbing the aircraft at the IAS that …..
provides max continious surplus power
Vy climb speed should be …..
that which provides the max surplus power over and above what is required to maintain level flight
What happens to Vy as height is increased …..
The surplus power and therefore Vy reduce with altitude because of the lower air density
As hight is increased the speed at which Vy occurs is …..
different - because of the air density
The absolute ceiling is where …..
there is no more surplus power to continue a climb
Air density in a climb has 2 effects, name them …..
Because the air density in a climb is constantly reducing
- The rate of climb is constantly reducing
- The TAS in a climb is constantly increasing
Vx = max surplus …..
thrust
how does wind affect Vy
the wind has no effect on max surplus power therfore no effect on rate of climb
How does a headwing affect Vx …..
- It will increase the angle of climb
- It will reduce the distance covered across the ground
How does a tail wind affect Vx …..
- It will increase the distance covered across the ground
- It will reduce the angle of climb
Vx considers the height covered in a given ….. and Vy considers the height gained in a given …..
Vx = time, Vy = distance
Vx and Vy occur at ….. speeds
different
Describe ground effect …..
The behaviour of the local airflow is modified by viscosity effects which prodces a modification in pressure distribution across the aerofoil surface.
Ground Effect - on take off:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Nose pitches up
- Increase in longitudinal stability
- IAS and altimetre over-read
- Induced drag increases significantly once the wing leaves the ground effect
Ground Effect - On landing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Nose pitches down
- Increased longitudinal stability
- IAS and altimetre indications decrease (under-read)
- Induced drag decreases by up to 40% for the same AoA out of ground effect
In ground effect the lift/drag ratio is ….. for any given AoA
increased
Forces in a decent:
Lift ….. weight
Thrust ….. drag
Lift < weight
Thrust < drag
An aircraft in a straight decent at a constant IAS is considered to be in a state of …..
equilibrium
The gliding range in still air depends on …..
AoA and NOTHING ELSE!
The best gliding AoA for a GA aircraft is about …..
4-degrees
The best glide speed for an increased weight in a GA aircraft …..
is the same - the weight differences and speed differences can be ignored
a L/D ration of 10:1 means …..
that the aircraft can glide 10 times its height in nil wind
In nil wind conditions how does weight effect the glide range …..
Providing that we select the correct AoA a particular aircraft will glide the same distance in nil wind no matter what it weighs.
In nil wind weight is not considered
How do you fly the best glide AoA …..
Select the airspeed for best glide speed and you will be flying that given AoA
How does the wind effect glide performance relative to the air?
the wind has NO effect on the glide performance of an aircraft relative to the air in which the aircraft is moving
What speed should you glide at in a tail wind …..
You should select a speed that is less than the best L/D ratio for best glide speed to achieve the best distace over the ground
What speed should you fly at to achieve the best glide speed in a headwind ….
You should fly faster than the best L/D ratio for the best glide AoA
In a headwind how will weight effect your glide performance …..
- You will glide further in a headwind if you are heavier
- You will cover less distance across the ground if you are lighter when compared with a heavier aircraft
It is an advantage/disadvantage to be heavier gliding in a headwind …..
advantage as you will not remain in the air as long giving the air more time to push you back further.
Undershoot shear is often encountered …..
downwind from a hill that is blocking the wind
Windshear - On Decent Tail winds:
- A sudden > in tail winds will ……
- A sudden < in tail winds will …..
- decrease IAS and lift
- Increase IAS and lift
Windshear - On Decent Headwinds will:
- A sudden < in headwind will …..
- A sudden > in headwind will …..
- < IAS and lift
- > IAS and lift
When we talk about Vy we are talking about …..
power
When we talk about Vx we are talking about …..
thrust
Talking about turning:
Load factor and stall speed depend only on …..
Angle of Bank and nothing else
Turning
G-Loading is always exactly equal to …..
Load factor
The load limit factor is …..
the max limit for an aeroplane
What is the formula to work out the ‘load limit factor’ …..
Stall Speed increases by the square root of the load factor
To work out the load factor you need to divide lift by weight
Load factor depends upon …..
Angle of bank only - speed does not matter
Angle of bank depends on 2 things, name them ……
- Speed
- Radius of turn
The weight of an aircraft does not matter - remember the 747 v’s the C152 example: Both fly the turn at the same distance for the same given speed and angle of bank.
The formula for centripetal force is ……
wv2/gr
wv2/gr =
Centripetal force
Centripetal Force
In an aircraft it is the ….. which generates the CF
horizontal component of lift
For an aircraft to remain level in a turn lift must equal weight but since lift is a product of IAS and AoA what must we do to maintain the level turn …..
We need more AoA since there is no additional power to increase the IAS - which is a bad option anyway since the radius will increase if we do that
The formula for wing loading is …..
gross weight / wing area
gross weight / wing area =
wing loading
Does wing loading change ……
No - because it considers the actual weight of the aircraft not the apparent weight from g-loads
Rate and Radius of a turn are controlled by 2 things, name them …..
- Angle of Bank
- TAS
To work out the best angle of bank for a rate 1 turn what is the rule of thumb …..
(TAS/10) +7
(TAS/10) + 7 =
the rule of thumb for best angle of bank to complete a rate 1 turn
How does the wind effect the rate and radius of a level turn …..
The wind has no effect unless we relate it to a manoeuvre on the ground
Turning downwind to upwind in a level turn you close to the ground you may feel like …..
you are skidding out of the turn
Turning upwind to downwind in a level turn near the ground you may feel like you are …..
slipping into the turn
Constant Speed Increase / Decrease
Bank | Rate | Radius |
I, I, D
D, D, I
Constant Bank Increase / Decrease
Bank | Rate | Radius |
I, D, I
D, I, D
How does height effect a level turn …..
Height has no effect other than the higher you go the less air density there is so there is a greater TAS and hence a larger radius when compared with the same turn at the same speed at a lower altitude
Rate Time Degrees per Second
1 ? ?
2 ? ?
3 ? ?
4 ? ?
Rate Time Degrees per Second
1 2min 3
2 1min 30 sec 4
3 1min 6
4 30sec 12
A max rate turn is a turn that …..
takes the minimum time to complete
What is the limit for a max rate turn …..
It is the limit load factor or the structual strength of the aircraft.
In a GA aeroplane you will reach the stall before the limit load factor
Describe a minimum radius turn …..
This is a turn where we fly the smalles radius possible. To do this we need to fly as slow as possible
What angle of bank is flown on a minimum radius turn ….
Theoretically it is the stall speed since that is the slowest that we can fly however in practice we need to fly as slow as possible.
In a climbing turn we need to …… of the turn - describe why
roll out
We need to do this because the outside wing is moving faster and generating more lift and if we dont correct it the turn will tighten and the AoA increases
In a climbing turn which wing will stall first and why ….
the outside wing will always stall first since it has a higher AoA relative to the inner one
In a climbing turn describe the use of rudder …..
You will need some right rudder to correct for the slipstream effect. Extra rudder will be needed if the climb is to the right
The turn diametre of a GA aircraft is about …..
500m - 1,000m
In a turn the rudder adjusts the rate of ….. to match the rate of …..
yaw, pitch
In a turn if you rate of yaw is too slow you will feel like you are …..
slipping into the turn
In a turn if your rate of yaw is too high you will feel as though you are …..
skidding out
In a decending turn you may have to ……
roll into the turn
Describe the balancing forces in a decending turn …..
The inside wing has a higher Angle of Bank but the outside wing has further to travel so is generating additional lift. Since we are at low power these forces balance themselves out and the need to roll into the turn is almost eliminated
Remember in a level turn there is only ….. and …… there is no …..
pitch, yaw, roll
Vle =
Landing gear extension speed
Vlo =
Landing gear extension speed
Explain the difference between Vle and Vlo
Vlo is used as a lower speed so as not to tear the undercarriage doors off.
Once the gear and doors are down you may speed up to Vle
3 points about - Vb
- Turbulence penetration speed
- Not marked on the ASI
- In sever turbulence operate just above this speed
3 points about Vs
- Vs = stalling speed
- Vso = power off, flaps and wheels down stalling speed (bottom of the white arc)
- Vs1 = Power off, wheels and flaps up (top of the green arc)
BOTH Vso & Vs1 FOR MAX WEIGHT
3 points about Vno
- Vno = normal operating speed
- Operate at or above Vno in smooth air only
- Avoid rough handling at Vno speeds
Vne =
Never Exceed speed
NEVER UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
5 points about Va
- Manoeuvering speed or max control deflection speed
- Not on the ASI, in flight manual or plackarded in cockpit
- Between Vs and Va the limit load factor cannot be exceeded
- Va decreases with a lighter load
- Va increases with a heavier load
Vfe =
Flap extension speed found at the top of the white arc
Bending Loads
Give an example …..
The lift tries to bend the whing tips above the wing roots
Torsional Loads
Give an example …..
As the CoP moves along the wing the lift attempts to bend and ‘twist’ (torsional load) the wing
Shearing loads
Give an example …..
High drag in wings and tails especially at high speed can act to shear or rip pieces off the structure of the areoplane
Tensile loads
Give an example …..
The lift struts of a high wing aeroplane are under tensile loads when in flight as the wings try and pull away
Compression Loads
Give an example …..
Lift struts are under compression loads when an aeroplane is at rest on the ground or when it is inverted in flight!
Name the 5 differnt types of pressures imposed on an airframe:
- Bending Loads
- Torsional Loads
- Shearing Loads
- Tensile Loads
- Compression Loads
In a climb wind effects …… but not …..
angle but not rate
In a climb increased weight reduces both the ….. and the ….. of climb
rate and angle
In a climb reduced density effects both the ….. and the ……
angle and rate
Effect of Weight
The best L/D ratio AoA will be …… for any aircraft no matter what the weight
the same
Effect of Weight
A heavier aircraft will require ….. to achieve the best L/D ratio AoA
more speed
Effect of Weight
Describe how weight effects angle of bank
Weight has no effect on angle of bank.
All aircraft turning at the same speed and using the same angle of bank will turn in the same raduis and therefore take the same tume to complete the turn.
They will have the same rate of turn
