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OTHX > ADVERSE WEATHER PROCEDURES > Flashcards

ADVERSE WEATHER PROCEDURES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best option to deal with adverse weather?

A

Avoidance.

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2
Q

What is the responsibility of the PIC as it relates to weather?

A

Ensure the crew and passengers are briefed.

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3
Q

What are some strategies to prevent turbulence injuries?

A
  • Use WSI in briefings
  • Use ACARS advisories
  • Remember cabin is often worse than the cockpit
  • Give FA advance notice of suspected turbulence
  • Use PA to reinforces pax and FA actions
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4
Q

What is mountain wave turbulence?

A

Turbulence due to mountain wave activity. Caused by wind flowing from the upwind side of a mountain is deflected upward and interacts with stable air above. This causes an up and down pattern that can extended for hundreds of miles. The steeper the mountain, the more severe the turbulence is.

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5
Q

What is the rotor area?

A

The area on the lee slope in the steepest areas.

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6
Q

Where are rotors typically found? What is the typical height?

A

1 - 12NM (up to 20NM) downwind of the ridge line
1,000’ - 5,000’ AGL at a mean height of the ridge.
Top layer is usually 3,000 - 7,000’ above mean height of the ridge.

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7
Q

What happens when mountain wave interacts with the tropopause? What may be an indication of this occurring?

A

Gravity waves can form causing moderate to severe turbulence.
Lenticular clouds can indicate this, however may not always be present and does not represent altitude of turbulence.

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8
Q

What can result of mountain wave interacting with the jet stream?

A

It can enhance mountain wave resulting in turbulence in excess of 5000FPM.

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9
Q

What time of year is mountain wave most common? Why is this the case?

A

Mid October to the end of May. Due to the faster and southern jet stream, wind aloft, more stable airmasses, and a lower tropopause altitude.

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10
Q

What are the tool we have for forecasting mountain wave?

A 
Dispatch release. 
WSI
Wx reports 
PIREPs
ATC
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11
Q

How do we mitigate mountain wave turbulence?

A

Deviation routes
Altitude avoidance
Avoiding holding or increasing holding speed

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12
Q

What should the PIC do if they decide that the release needs to be adjusted for enroute weather.

A

Contact the dispatcher to discus the fuel burn and weather. To determine the best course of action.

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13
Q

What should be done if a reroute for weather is done after departure.

A

Notify dispatch.

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14
Q

With regard to preflight planning what do we consider when trying to avoid mountain wave?

A
  • Height of tropopause
  • Location of jetstream
  • Location of mountains
  • Fuel burn
  • Flying parallel or perpendicular to winds aloft
  • ATC/PIREPs
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15
Q

What should pilots do while monitoring aircraft state and determine an altitude change is necessary?

A

Request a change from ATC

If a change is unavailable or denied by ATC, DO NOT WAIT, if necessary declare an emergency and descend.

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16
Q

What is one of our main concerns when operating in heavy precipitation?

A

Water ingestion cause a flameout.

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17
Q

What is the only measured way to avoid massive water ingestion?

A

Avoidance

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18
Q

What should you do when in an unavoidable severe storm or precipitation?

A

Follow turbulent air penetration procedure in the AFM

Avoid thrust changes unless excessive airspeed variations occur.

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19
Q

What radar images should be avoided? By how far?

A
  • Higher than FL300
  • Steep gradient edges
  • Irregular shapes
  • Radar shadow
  • Should be avoided by at least 10 miles preferably 20.
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20
Q

With regard to severe weather, how should the radar be used?

A

To avoid severe weather not penetrate.

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21
Q

What is radar shadow?

A

When a large cell or heavy precipitation reflects most of the RADAR signal, not painting anything behind it. Can conceal more severe weather.

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22
Q

When would it be reasonable to fly into a radar shadow?

A

NEVER

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23
Q

How can you tell if the RADAR is painting shadows or not?

A

By painting ground clutter, you can determine where the RADAR is painting a complete picture.

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24
Q

Can we ever fly through thunderstorm clouds or Cumulonimbus clouds?

A

It is mandatory that these be avoid for all operations, unless trapped and there are no alternative PIC may proceed.

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25
Q

What precautions do we take when departing into an area a thunderstorms?

A
  • Flight plan around thunderstorms
  • Turn on RADAR prior to takeoff
  • Clean the flight deck
  • Request RADAR monitoring from departure
  • Secure loose equipment in flight deck
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26
Q

When it is necessary to enter a thunderstorm area what should be done?

A

Select the best altitude for inadvertant penetration
Avoid freezing levels
Contact gournd RADAR for advisories
Ensure everyone on board is seated with seat belts fastened
Monitor RADAR constantly and avoid build ups by at least 10 miles preferably 20

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27
Q

What can flight in to severe turbulence or hail cause?

A

Structural damage.

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28
Q

When the aircraft is subjected to static discharge of a lightening strike, what should the flight crew do?

A

Immediately check for visible or functional damage.

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29
Q

When would static charges more frequently occur?

A

In shower type clouds

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30
Q

What precedes static discharges? How can they be avoided?

A

Indicated by St. Elmo’s fire

Can be avoided by changing altitude or reducing airspeed.

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31
Q

What precautions can you take in an area of thunderstorms or in static discharge?

A

Turn up instrument lights, avoid looking outside, and setup autopilot in case of temporary blindness.

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32
Q

What is the most hazardous form of windshear?

A

A microburst.

33
Q

Where can microbursts occur?

A

Anywhere convective weather conditions occur.

34
Q

What should you do if you are attempting to takeoff or landing during microburst alerts.

A

Wait, hold, or divert.

35
Q

What thrust setting should be used for takeoff when windshear conditions exist?

A

Maximum rated takeoff power

36
Q

What runway should be selected when windshear conditions exist?

A

Use the longest suitable runway that avoids suspected areas of windshear.

37
Q

If you are increasing landing speed for windshear, what must you be causous of?

A

An increases in touchdown speed can increase your stopping distance. (20 knots increase = increase by 25%)

38
Q

What type of hail is more reflective on inflight RADAR? least?

A

Wet hail is more reflective than dry hail.

39
Q

What is the lowest visibility is SkyWest authorized to takeoff with?

A

RVR 600/600/600 with CL, HIRL, and RCLM

40
Q

What is SMGCS and when does it go into effect?

A

Surface Movement Guidance and Control System

Below 1200 RVR

41
Q

When is a runway considered wet?

A

When more than 25% of the runway is covered by water 1/8in or less in depth.

42
Q

When is a runway considered slippery when wet?

A

When the amount of rubber accumulation on a runway reduces BE and RCC to a lesser value than wet alone.

43
Q

When is a runway considered contaminated?

A

When more than 25% of the runway surface is covered by more than 1/8in of standing water, slush, wet snow, dry snow, or any depth of ice or compacted snow.

44
Q

What is minimum cleared width required for the ERJ?

A

80’

45
Q

What is the RCC Decision matrix?

A
46
Q

What is TALPA and RCAM? What airports do they apply to

A

Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment - uses objective measurements to determine braking capability.
Runway Condition Assessment Matrix - maps contamination type and depth to a Runway Condition Code
They only apply to U.S. airports

47
Q

If less than 25% is covered by contaminants is it considered contaminated?

A

No.

48
Q

What is a FICON RCC used for?

A

Determine landing distance
For departure to Identify the third with most limiting contaminant
Used to determine operating limitations (ex Xwind)
R value in a TLR

49
Q

What is a TLR

A

Takeoff and landing report

50
Q

What doe the RCC values mean?

A 
6 - no report
5 - good
4- good to medium 
3- medium
2- medium to poor
1- poor
0- Nil
51
Q

How long may a FICON NOTAM be valid?

A

Up to 24 hours

52
Q

With refrence to landing what is “BA” mean?

A

Braking Action

53
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Landing Performance

A
  • RCC Values
  • Contaminant type and BA
  • ACARS landing assessment, or TLR
  • Mist restrictive RCC
  • RCC may be used bidirectionally
  • More conservative of PIREP and RCC
  • PIREP contains varying action, crew must use most conservative.
54
Q

May we use RCC to determine takeoff performance?

A

No

55
Q

What is a Max Uplift Request?

A

It determines which contaminants, when multiple exist, has the greater effect on performance.

56
Q

How do we request a Max Uplift?

A

With ACARS

Pre-flight menu> Takeoff runways> Enter runways>Enter conditions> send

57
Q

With regard to RCC and BA, when is takeoff and landing prohibited?

A

NIL BA
RCC of 1 or 2 with a crosswind greater than 10kt
BA reports POOR with a crosswind greater than 10kt
Wet ice, water over comp. snow, dry/wet snow over ice with RCC less than 1 or BA NILL

58
Q

With regard to RCC, when is an alternate required?

A

A RCC value less than 3

59
Q

What is a Mu or CRFI

A

Friction Reports

Canadian Runway Friction Index

60
Q

What must be done when planning or operating in an area of suspected volcanic ash?

A

Avoid the are by at least 100NM.

61
Q

At what depth fo fluid can tires hydroplane?

A

1/10in smooth tire on smooth pavement

2/10in - 3/10 treaded on grooved pavement

62
Q

What are tips to avoid hydroplanning?

A

Taxi slow.
Follow taxiway markings.
Avoid sharp turns.
Low braking coefficient increases stopping distance.
Perform light to moderate, but continuous brake application.

63
Q

Formula for dynamic hydro planning?

A

(√tire psi)x 8.6

64
Q

Who is responsible for complying with the clean aircraft concept?

A

PIC

65
Q

Where can we find the ground deicing procedures?

A

Ground Deicing Program Manual (GDPM)

66
Q

What is considered severe icing?

A

Icing for which aircraft is certified and the rate of accumulation is such that deicing/ anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard.

67
Q

Can we dispatch in to severe icing?

A

No

68
Q

With regard to icing, when must we file an alternate?

A

When freezing drizzle or freezing rain is forecast.

69
Q

What is HOT? What is it?

A

Holdover Table, outlines the time an airplane can sit in icing conditions on the ground after being iced and still depart.

70
Q

Can we takeoff or land, when heavy freezing drizzle or freezing rain is being reported?

A

No

71
Q

What is the METAR code UP?

A

Unknown precipitation, indicates possible freezing precipitation.

72
Q

Can we depart in heavy snow?

A

Yes

73
Q

What forms of freezing precipitation may we dispatch with?

A 
Freezing drizzle/rain
Ice pellets
Snow pellets/Small hail
Snow Grains
Icy Crystals
Heavy Snow
Small hail, less than1.4 inch
Hail, 1/4 in or greater
Freezing fog
Unknown Precipitation
74
Q

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for takeoff?

A

Severe Ice
Heavy Freezing drizzle
Moderate/heavy freezing rain
Hail, 1/4 in and greater

75
Q

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for landing?

A

Sever Ice
Heavy freezing drizzle
Moderate/heavy freezing rain
Hail, 1/4 ing and greater in size

76
Q

When should anti ice be used?

A

In visible moisture +10C - -40C

77
Q

You encounter slight, erratic changes to your altitude and attitude along with a somewhat bumpy ride. ATC asks you for a report, how should you respond?

A

Light Turbulence

78
Q

What turbulence must be reported as a mechanical irregularity when encountered?

A

Severe or greater

79
Q

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for takeoff?

A

Severe Ice
Heavy Freezing drizzle
Moderate/heavy freezing rain
Hail, 1/4 in and greater

OTHX (5 decks)

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