Adulthood Flashcards
Middle adulthood
40-64 years
Late adulthood
65 years +
Physical development in early adulthood
- Full development has been reached and body is now in a maintenance phase.
- body continues to repair and replace cells.
- decrease in basal metabolic rate.
Physical development in middle adulthood
- decrease in the production of hormones (especially in women with the onset of menopause)
- decrease in muscle strength
- decrease in senses
- decline in reflex speed
Physical development in late adulthood
- further height reduction
- teeth deteriorate
- decline in the functioning of the heart and lungs
- increased ability to suffer from illness
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries; specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Measured in DALY’s
DALY’s
Disability adjusted life years.
A measure of the burden of disease
One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with an illness, disease or injury.
Similarities in the health status of males and females
- leading cause of death is coronary heart disease
- stroke is the second leading cause of death
- lung cancer is a high leading cause of death
- have an increasing life expectancy with death rates decreases for both genders.
Differences in the health status of males and females
Males:
More likely to be overweight and smoke
Experience higher rates of life threatening conditions
More males die under the age of 75 than females
More likely to avoid medical treatment and therefore less awareness of their health
Females:
More likely to have Alzheimer’s and arthritis
Overall females live longer than men
More likely to suffer from depression
Considered to be more health conscious and are more likely to visit the doctor
Define obesity
Relates to the carrying of excess body weight in the form of fat.
Two ways to measure obesity
BMI
For adults, a body mass index of over 30
Waist measurement
For adults more than 89 centimeters for females and 102 centimeters for males
Why obesity is a problem
- Through education and awareness, it is often preventable
- has a relationship with the development of other conditions, such as:
- diabetes mellitus
- cardiovascular disease
Biological determinants of obesity
Age: the metabolism slows down with age and due to this it becomes more and more difficult to control weight.
Genetic predisposition: some people may have a genetic predisposition to be overweight or have obesity.
Body weight: having a high body weight, is a risk factor for obesity.
Behavioural determinants of obesity
Lack of physical exercise: due to completing in less physical activities, less energy is burned which means the risk of being overweight and then developing obesity is increased.
Excessive alcohol consumption: Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy, which means it can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight.
Diet: through consuming an energy dense diet, the foods contain large amounts of fat and simple carbohydrates (like sugar) and this supplies the body with many unneeded kilojoules and if this energy is not burned, over time it can result to weight gain
Social determinants of obesity
Socioeconomic status: people of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be obese. This could be due to lower levels of physical activity and a more energy-dense diet.
Education: due to not obtaining information and the importance of a healthy diet and the risks of obesity the individual may be more likely to become obese due to not making the correct lifestyle choices
Food security: people who can’t afford or don’t have access to a healthy food supply may instead eat unhealthy, processed foods. These foods tend to be low in fibre but high in fats and sugar
Physical environment as a determinant of obesity
Access to recreational facilities: Lack of access to recreational facilities such as gymnasiums and sporting clubs can limit opportunities for participation in physical activity. This may increase the risk of obesity.
Transport: transport systems that do not promote the use of active transport such as cycling and walking, may increase the chance of becoming overweight or obese.
A health promotion program that addresses obesity
The old swap it don’t stop it campaign from nutrition Australia.
Gives people alternative options to make their lifestyle choices more healthy for them such as swapping the elevator for the stairs
One risk nutrient for obesity
Saturated fats:
Increases blood cholesterol levels
Increases unnecessary body fat beyond which can’t be used for energy
Chips, fast foods, take aways
Early adulthood
18-39 years
Cardiovascular disease
The poor health of the heart and the blood vessels.
Main type being studied:atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
A yield up of plaques on the walls of the blood vessels which narrows the passages that blood passes through.
Plaque is made up of cholesterol, other fatty substances, human tissue and calcium.
Why cardiovascular disease is a health priority
- it is the number 1 cause of mortality for Australian adults.
- with a change in lifestyles, cardiovascular dishes his largely preventable
Health promotion program that addresses cardiovascular disease
The heart foundation Tick Program:
- tells the consumer whether their selected program is heart healthy, and they can easily see if it is good for them.
- the heart foundation reviews the items,fat, salt and sugar contents.
Dementia
A neurodegenerative condition that describes over 100 conditions.
It is characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of brain functioning.
What is effected by dementia
Brain functioning Behaviour patterns Memory Language Speech Attention Personality
Why dementia is a health priority area
It is a condition that is associated with the elderly and due to life expectancy increasing and more people living longer, it is more likely to effect more and more people.
A health promotion program that addresses dementia
Your brain matters program:
- assists people with looking after their brain by providing steps to maximize brain functioning.
- the program and the activities it provides is based on scientific evidence of what can contribute to dementia and how to battle it.
- aimed at people of all ages to constantly maintain and maximize brain function.
One protective nutrient for osteoporosis
Calcium
The mineral that builds up strong bones and healthy teeth
Milk, cheese
One protective factor of obesity
Fibre
Gives the feeling of being fuller for longer so consequently you eat less
Fruit with skins on, whole grain cereals
One risk nutrient for cardiovascular disease
Trans fats
Raises the cholesterol levels in the blood which in turn can cause atherosclerosis
Cakes, fast foods, cookies
One risk nutrient for osteoporosis
Salt
Contributes to the loss of bone minerals
Salt is also high in sodium and this contributes to the loss of calcium which leads to weakening bones
One protective nutrient for cardiovascular disease
Omega-3, polyunsaturated fats
Improves the cholesterol levels in blood by lowering it
Oily fish, nuts and seeds
Differences in the health status between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians live on average 11.5 years less than no-indigenous Australians.
Indigenous Australians have a higher rate of smoking, alcohol and substance abuse.
Leading causes of death are:
.cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases injury and mental illness. Whereas non-indigenous Australians leading cause of death is coronary heart disease and stroke.
Indigenous Australians live in harsher environmental conditions with less access to health care professionals and poorer housing conditions and lower levels of employment and education as well as limited access to high quality foods.
Differences in health status between rural and remote Australians
The health of Australians living in rural areas is much lower than the health of those living in urban areas.
Leading health concerns are: coronary heart disease, motor vehicle injury, lung disease, asthma and arthritis.
Contributing factors for poor health: reduced access to primary health services, increased risk of injury and higher risk jobs, harsher environmental conditions, social isolation, higher smoking and alcohol consumption rates and less access to fresh foods due to the higher costs and the difficulties sourcing fresh foods.
Character from The best exotic Marigold hotel
Muriel
Health of Muriel
P- needs a hip replacement and due to this is unable to be physically active so therefore has a low fitness level as for a majority of the film she moves around in a wheelchair.
M-stress over medical treatment in a strange and new country as well as stress about being uncomfortable in a new country with a culture she doesn’t know and hasn’t given the chance to like.
S-not very good at maintaining friendships or relationships and due to her onions and freedom of sharing them isn’t easily accepted by others and therefore feels lonely.
Development of Muriel
P-grey hair and wrinkles, working towards gaining mobility after treatment to regain her remaining motor movements. Gradual loss of strength and coordination of skeletal muscles.
I- learning to adapt to the new culture and learn the new ways and how to benefit from it
-learning to use her skills in the new culture to adapt efficiently.
-learning new information about the new culture.
E-learning to cope with the discomfort of a new country and her medical disability.
-learning to cope with her stress and other people’s stress to help out.
-learning to adapt and find where she fits in and how she can be useful.
S-learning to develop strong and lasting relationships by not pushing people away
-learning to develop trust in people and have people trust her.
Challenges that Muriel experienced due to her late adulthood lifespan stage
- dealing and coping with her health issues and being able to adapt with her problems and then how to regain her strength to walk again.
- learning how to change her way of life of being culturally unaware to adapt to the new culture and see how she can benefit from it.
- learning how to be dependent on others rather than have others be dependent on her.
- adjusting to her decline in muscle strength, reflexes and senses as well as her bones becoming weaker and more brittle due to their declined ability to absorb calcium.
