Adult I Exam 3 - Endocrine Alterations: Diabetes Mellitus

Question 0

Prediabetes

Answer 0

Fasting blood glucose 100-125
2hr OGTT 140-199 (oral glucose tolerance test)
A1C 5.7-6.4%

Question 1

Diabetes Classifications

Answer 1

DM Type 1
DM Type 2
Hyperglycemia 
Gestational Diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome
Hyperglycemia
Prediabetes

Question 2

Alpha cells

Answer 2

Glucagon

Question 3

Beta cells

Answer 3

Insulin & amylin

Question 4

Glucose Homeostasis

Answer 4

Balance of glucose uptake & glucose production

Question 5

S/S high serum glucose

Answer 5

Polyuria
Fruit smelling breath
Polydipsia
Poly

Question 6

Hyperglycemia S/S

Answer 6

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Keytones

Question 7

DM guidelines - Gold Standards

Answer 7

ADA - American Diabetes Association

AACE- American Associations of Clinical Endocrinologist

Question 8

Primary Prevention of Diabetes

Answer 8

Balanced nutrition & physical activity
Weight loss for obese/overweight
Physical activity 150min/week
Diet- low-carb, low-fat, calorie restricted, or Mediterranean 
Screening

Question 9

How often should diabetes screening be performed?

Answer 9

> 45yo &/or BMI >25 at least every 3 years

Question 10

Diagnosis Criteria for Diabetes

Answer 10

Hgb A1C

Question 11

Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)

Answer 11

No calorie intake for 8 hours

Question 12

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Answer 12

Take after 10-12hr fasting
75-100g glucose beverage
2 hours post-load results

Question 13

Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1C)

Answer 13

Average blood glucose for previous 120 days

Question 14

Type 1 DM

Answer 14

.

Question 15

Type 2 DM

Answer 15

.

Question 16

Management of Diabetes

Answer 16

.

Question 17

Blood Glucose Goals

Answer 17

Increased glucose usage when ill so ranges vary

Question 18

Purpose/action of Insulin

Answer 18

Moves glucose into the cells (stimulates uptake into cell)

Inhibits hepatic glucose production

Question 19

Action of Glucagon

Answer 19

Releases glucose from liver & cells

.??

Question 20

Other causes of elevated blood glucose

Answer 20

Stress reaction/response

Steroids

Question 21

Rapid Acting Insulin

Answer 21

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Question 22

Short Acting Insulin

Answer 22

.

Question 23

Intermediate-Acting Insulin

Answer 23

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Question 24

Long-Acting Insulin

Answer 24

``` Onset = 2-4 hours Peak = NONE Duration = Drug- Teaching- ```

Question 25

Mixed Insulin

Answer 25

Advantages: better control/stability, no mixing needed Disadvantages: get low, stay lower longer, have to adhere to meal & exercise schedule

Question 26

Sliding Scale Insulin (SSI)

Answer 26

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Question 27

Correction Insulin

Answer 27

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Question 28

Insulin Pump

Answer 28

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Question 29

Insulin Administration & storage

Answer 29

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Question 30

Insulin Verification

Answer 30

.

Question 31

Common Complications of Insulin

Answer 31

.

Question 32

Hypoglycemia S/S

Answer 32

.

Question 33

S/S absence of Insulin

Answer 33

.

Question 34

Chronic Complication - Microvascular

Answer 34

Changes in small blood vessels and organs Nephropathy Neuropathy Retinopathy

Question 35

Chronic Complications - Macrovascular

Answer 35

Changes in large blood vessels

Question 36

Why do rotating insulin injection sites

Answer 36

To prevent: Lipohypertrophy (increase swelling of fat) Lipoatrophy (loss of fat)- leads slower inconsistent absorption

Question 37

Hypoglycemia tx actions

Answer 37

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Question 38

Risk factors for metabolic syndrome

Answer 38

"apple shape" | Waist circumference...

Question 39

Target goal BP

Answer 39

<130/80 Weight control & increase activity to achieve Initiate ACE inhibitor if goal cannot be met