Adult HP Screenings

Question 1

Who oversees preventative services to distribute to states?

Answer 1

US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

Question 2

Why are health screening important tools?

Answer 2

To detect disease at early stages

Question 3

What level of prevention is health education about screening?

Answer 3

Primary prevention

Question 4

What level of prevention is the actual screening process?

Answer 4

Secondary prevention

Question 5

What are the primary focuses of screening?

Answer 5

Detection for a disease in its early stages to treat the disease and stop the disease from progressing

Question 6

What is the secondary focus of screening?

Answer 6

Reduce the cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages

Question 7

What are the four types of screening?

Answer 7

Individual screening, group or mass screening, one-test disease specific screening, and multiple test screening

Question 8

Describe individual screening.

Answer 8

-One person is tested
- Often closed based on risk factors
- sometimes chosen based on universal screening

Question 9

Describe group or mass screening.

Answer 9

• Target population selected on the basis of an increased risk

Question 10

Describe one-test disease specific screening.

Answer 10

• Single test
• detects characteristic indicating high risk

Question 11

Describe multiple test screening.

Answer 11

2 or more test to detect one disease

Question 12

What is an example of an individual screening?

Answer 12

Mammogram for a young adult with a family history of breast cancer

Question 13

What is an example of group or mass screening?

Answer 13

• Vision screening in school children
• Scoliosis testing in adolescents

Question 14

What is an example of a one-test disease specific screening?

Answer 14

• Hemoglobin A1c and diabetes
• Cholesterol levels and hypercholesterolemia

Question 15

What is an example of multiple test screening?

Answer 15

Tuberculosis screening (TB skin test, blood test, chest x-ray, sputum culture)

Question 16

What is the screening criteria?

Answer 16

• Detection: are there resources/treatments available to support screening?
• Diagnostic criteria: disease should have early asymptomatic state. Who/why should be screened?
• Screening measures: must be safe, cost-effective, accurate

Question 17

What are the advantages of screening?

Answer 17

• Cost-effective
• Screening process can be applied to both individuals and larger populations
• some screenings are mandated by law
• Can be one-test disease specific or multiple test screening
• Creates opportunity for health teaching

Question 18

What are the disadvantages of screening?

Answer 18

• Uncertainty in scientific evidence— possibility of errors
• Any margin of error can have serious consequences

Question 19

How can a false positive affect a client?

Answer 19

Anxiety and unnecessary intervention

Question 20

How can a false negative affect a client?

Answer 20

The disease is overlooked. Missed opportunity for early intervention. False assurance.

Question 21

Describe the selection of a “screenable” disease.

Answer 21

• Does the significance warrant its consideration as a community problem?
• Can the disease be detected by screening?
• Should screening for disease be done?
• Health benefits: can it be treated?
• Tangible and intangible (emotion/financial) costs

Question 22

What is epidemiology?

Answer 22

A method used to find the cause of disease (and outcomes) in populations

Question 23

What is morbidity?

Answer 23

A diseasesd state or disability from any cause (includes a range or degree of illness)

Question 24

What is mortality?

Answer 24

Deaths in a given population as a result of a specific disease, illness, or event

Question 25

What is significance?

Answer 25

The level of priority of disease as a public health concern (how concerned should we be?)

Question 26

What is incidence?

Answer 26

The rate of a new population problem and estimates the risk of an individual developing the disease. Measures NEW cases. Acute.

Question 27

What is prevalence?

Answer 27

The proportion of the population with a disease at any one point in time. Measures all cases within a set period. Chronic.

Question 28

What is reliability?

Answer 28

The extent a measuring procedure yields consistent results on repeated administrations of the scale. Exact results every time.

Question 29

Inter-observer.

Answer 29

Same results when 2 people do the test

Question 30

Intra-observer.

Answer 30

The same person is able to reproduce results

Question 31

What is validity?

Answer 31

The degree a measuring procedure accurately reflects or assesses or captures the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. Measuring what you actually want to measure.

Question 32

What is test sensitivity?

Answer 32

The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease. The true positive rate.

Question 33

What is test specificity?

Answer 33

The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)

Question 34

Describe the USPSTF grade “A”

Answer 34

Recommends the service. Offer or provide the service.

Question 35

Describe the USPSTF grade “B”

Answer 35

Recommends the service. High certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial. Offer or provide the service.

Question 36

Describe the USPSTF grade “C”

Answer 36

Recommends selectively offering or providing this service to individual patients based on professional judgement and patient preference.

Question 37

Describe the USPSTF grade “D”

Answer 37

Recommends against the service. Moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits.

Question 38

Describe the USPSTF grade “I”

Answer 38

Current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service.