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Endocrine > Adrenal medulla > Flashcards

Adrenal medulla Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • innermost part of adrenal gland

- consists of Chromaffin cells

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2
Q

Chromaffin Granules

A
  • EPI;NE
  • ATP;ADP
  • chromogranin A
  • dopamine Β-hydroxylase
  • Ca2+
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3
Q

major sites of metabolism of EPI and NE

A

liver & kidney

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4
Q

what enzymes act on EPI and NE at the liver and kidney during their metabolism

A
  • catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

- monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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5
Q

inactive metabolites formed from the metabolism of EPI and NE

A
  • vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
  • metanephrine (from EPI)
  • normetanephrine (from NE)
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6
Q

catecholamine receptors

A

adrenergic receptors

cell surface

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7
Q

2 classes of adrenergic receptors

A
  • α

- β

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8
Q

subdivisions of α adrenergic receptors

A

α1

α2

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9
Q

subdivisions of β adrenergic receptors

A

β 1

β 2

β 3

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10
Q

primary mechanism of action: α1 receptor

A

↑ IP3 and Ca2+ ; DAG

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11
Q

primary mechanism of action: α2 receptor

A

↓ cAMP

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12
Q

primary mechanism of action: β1 receptor

A

↑ cAMP

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13
Q

primary mechanism of action: Β2 receptor

A

↑ cAMP

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14
Q

primary mechanism of action: Β3 receptor

A

↑ cAMP

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15
Q

location of α1 adrenergic receptors

A

sympathetic postsynaptic nerve terminals

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16
Q

location of α2 adrenergic receptors

A

sympathetic presynaptic nerve terminals

β cell of pancreatic islets

17
Q

location of β1 adrenergic receptors

A

heart

18
Q

location of β2 adrenergic receptors

A

liver

smooth muscle of vasculature

bronchioles

uterus

19
Q

location of β3 adrenergic receptors

A

liver

adipose tissue

20
Q

Examples of Action: α1 adrenergic receptor

A

↑ vascular smooth muscle constriction (vasoconstriction)

21
Q

Examples of Action: α2 adrenergic receptor

A

inhibit NE release

inhibits insulin release

22
Q

Examples of Action: β1 adrenergic receptor

A

↑ cardiac output

23
Q

Examples of Action: β2 adrenergic receptor

A

↑ hepatic glucose output

↓ contraction of blood vessels, bronchioles, uterus (vasodilation)

24
Q

Examples of Action: Β3 adrenergic receptor

A

↑ hepatic glucose output

↑ lipolysis

25
Q

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines: Liver

A

↑ glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

26
Q

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines: Adipose

A
  • inhibits glucose uptake into adipose
  • ↑ lipolysis by ↑ activity of hormone-sensitive lipase
  • –catalyzing the breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids that are released into blood

-fatty acids taken up by liver where they are oxidized to keto-acids

27
Q

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines: Skeletal Muscle

A

↑ glycogenolysis

↓ glucose uptake

28
Q

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines: Pancreas

A

↓ insulin secretion
—results in inhibition of insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose into adipose and skeletal muscle

↑ glucagon secretion
—↑ the stimulatory effects of glucagon

29
Q

Cardiovascular Effects of Catecholamines: Heart

A

EPI = ↑ heart rate, cardiac contraction/relaxation, conduction velocity

30
Q

Cardiovascular Effects of Catecholamines: Vascular

A
  • EPI and NE = vasoconstriction at splanchnic, renal, cutaneous, and genital vascular beds
  • —↑ blood pressure

-EPI = vasodilation in liver and skeletal muscle vascular beds

31
Q

Other Effects of Catecholamines

A
  • ↑ muscle relaxation (bladder, bronchial, GI)
  • sphincter contraction (GI, bladder)
  • pupil dilation
  • ↑ platelet aggregation
  • ↑ renin secretion (with ↑ ANGII)
32
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A
  • adrenal chromatin cell tumor that produces and secretes large amounts of NE and EPI
  • secretion occurs in BURSTS
  • large ↑ in VMA urine levels (24 hour test)
33
Q

Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma

A
  • severe hypertension (200/110)
  • headache
  • anxiety
  • sweating
  • palpitations
  • feel hot, but hands and feet are cold

Endocrine (6 decks)

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