Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Endocrine > Adrenal Glands - Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands - Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 areas in the Adrenal Gland’s cortex?

A

True Endocrine Gland

Zona Glomerulosa - Outer Most - Mineralcorticoids: Aldosterone (90%)

Zona Fasciculata - Middle - Glucocorticoids: Cortisol

Zona Reticularis - Middle - Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) or Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

A

Atop Kidneys (SupraRenal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the Adrenal Glands do?

A

Triangular / Semilunar gland that releases stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Adrenal Gland has both a _____, meaning “outer layer”, and a ______, meaning “inner region”

A

The Adrenal Gland has both a Cortex, meaning “outer layer”, and a Medulla, meaning “inner region”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is secreted from the Medulla of the Adrenal Glands?

A

Modified Sympathethic Ganglion

Catecholamines: 80% Epinephrine & 20% Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List 1 - 5

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Zona Glomerulosa
  3. Zona Fasciculata
  4. Zona Reticularis
  5. Medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are all steroids synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the minerals/electrolytes that Mineralcorticoids control?

A

Sodium & Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Long term regulation of Blood Pressure by effecting salt & water balance

Sodium & Water Retention & Excretes Potassium & Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What stimulates the release of Aldosterone?

A

Hemorrhage

Upright Posture

Low Sodium

Increased Potassium

ACTH

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What inhibits the release of Aldosterone?

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which part of the kidney does Aldosterone mainly effect?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubules & Collecting Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 main Aldosterone Controllers?

A

Potassium

Angiotensin II

Sodium

ACTH - minor effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) work?

A

Hypovolemia / Reduced Renal Blood Flow –> Kidneys release Renin –> Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I –.> ACE converts to Angiotensin II –> stimulates Aldosterone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism d/t Aldosterone secreting tumors or hyperplasias

Renin will be low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes Secondary Hyperaldosteronism?

A

CHF

Cirrhosis w/ Ascites

Nephrosis

ECF lost to Extravascular Space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in Adrenal Insufficiency?

A

Sodium Lost in Urine & Potassium Retention

↓Plasma Volume

Hypotension

Hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the body react to Short-Term Stress?

A

Hypothalmus –> Nerve Impulses –> Spinal Cord –> Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers –> Adrenal Medulla –> Catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the body react to Prolonged Stress?

A

Hypothalamus –> Corticotropin releasing hormone –> Anterior Pituitary –> ATCH via Blood stream -> Adrenal Cortex –> Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids

Slower reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type of feedback controls the release of Glucocoritcoids?

A

Negative Feedback

High cortisol levels signal Hypothalamus stop releasing ACTH & CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

Makes protein into Carbs

Mobilizes Amino Acids from muscles, weakening them

Elevates Blood Glucose

Decreases Glucose Utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Cortisol prevent and resolve inflammation?

A

Stabilizes Lysomes

↓Capillary Permeability

↓WBC Migration

Enhances Healing

23
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Cortisol Excess

ACTH secreting Tumors

Overactive CRH secretion

Adrenal Tumor

Chronic Administration

24
Q

Whats the difference b/t Cushing’s Syndrome & Cushing’s Disease?

A

Cushing’s Disease is primarily from ACTH secreting tumor of the Pituary Gland

25
Q

What are some connective tissue problems associated w/ Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Thin Skin

Easy Bruising

Poor Healing

Collagen Formation

Stretch Marks

26
Q

What bone problems does Cushing’s Syndrome cause?

A

Calcium Absorption Inhibition

Osteoporosis

Easy Fractures

27
Q

How does Cushing’s Syndrome affect Muscle & Body Fat?

A

Wasting & Weakness

Central/Truncal Obesity

Moon Face

Buffalo Hump

28
Q

What are the CV effects of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

HTN & DVT/PE

29
Q

Hirsutism, Acne, Impaired glucose tolerance, and Amenorrhea are all symptoms of what?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

30
Q

What are the CNS effects of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Euphoria

Irritability

Depression

Emotional Instability

31
Q

What causes Addison’s Disease?

A

Failure to produce Adrenocortical Hormones

Primary: Autoimmune Adrenal Non-Function

Secondary: Hypothalmic / Pituitary Dysfunction

32
Q

What are Symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

A

Hypoglycemia

Fatigue

Weight Loss

Anorexia

Hyperpigmentation

Stress Intolerance

33
Q

What can lead to Hypothalmic / Pituitary Dysfunction?

A

Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy

&

Pituitary Tumor Removal

34
Q

What is an Addisonian Crisis?

A

Cardiovascular Collapse

Treat w/ Cortisol

35
Q

How does Addison’s Disease affect Fluids & Electrolytes?

A

Dehydration

Polyuria

Hypotension

Low Sodium

Potassium Retention

Metabolic Acidosis

36
Q

What happens if Addison’s Disease goes untreated?

A

Death w/in 4 days to 2 wks

Treat w/ Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

37
Q

How should patients w/ Addison’s disease be managed PeriOperatively?

A

They cant increase cortisol level in response to stress = Hypotension & CV Collapse

Give Large dose of Glucocorticoids

38
Q

List the potency of steroids from greatest to least

Of these, which have Mineralocorticoid Properties?

A

Dexamethasone > Fludrocortisone > Methylprednisolon > Prednisone, Prednisolone > Hydrocortisone

Mineralocorticoid Properties: Fludro > Hydrocortisone > Prednisone & Prednisolone

39
Q

Which type of surgeries would you give higher doses of steroids PeriOperatively?

A

100-150mg Hydrocoritisone

CV, Thoracic, and Liver Surgeries

40
Q

Which type of surgeries would warrant 25 mg of Hydrocortisone for Adrenal Supplementation?

A

Inguinal Hernia & Colonoscopy

41
Q

Which surgeries call for a moderate dose of Adrenal Supplementation Perioperatively?

A

50-75mg Hydrocortisone

Colon Resection

Total Abdominal Hysterectomy

Total Joint

42
Q

How can Etomidate affect Cortisol?

A

Profound Supression x 24 hrs & Hypotension

43
Q

How is the Adrena Medulla connected to the Nervous System?

A

Directly Connected - fast response - and bridges endocrine & sympathetic system

44
Q

How does the Adrenal Medulla make Catecholamines?

A

via Chromaffin cells

45
Q

What is the synthesis pathway for Epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine –> Dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> Phenylethanolamine N- Methyltransferase –> Epinephrine

46
Q

What influences the expression of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase (PNMT)?

A

Glucocorticoids

47
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor that makes catecholamines in an unregulated fashion

HTN

Tachycardia

Sweating

Headache

Anxiety & Tremor

Glucose Intolerance

48
Q

Where are Pheochromocytomas normally found?

A

Right Adrenal Gland

49
Q

What is the pathway in which Adrenaline breaks down?

A

Adrenaline –> Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) –> Metanephrine –> Monamine Oxidase (MOA) –> Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)

50
Q

What should be given before surgery to patients who have Pheochromocytoma?

A

Alpha Blockers 10 - 14 days b4 surgery

Phenoxybenzamine - Nonselective alpha blocker

Prazosin - Alpha 1 blocker

51
Q

In regards to Pheochromocytoma & Blood Pressure, in which order should receptors be blocked?

A

Block Alpha first, then Beta to avoid extremes in BP

52
Q

If theres no time to pretreat with Phenoxybenzmine or Prazosin, what else can be given?

A

Nitroprusside

Calcium Channel Blockers - Cardene

Labetalol

Atenolol

Propranolol

53
Q

During an Adrenalectomy, what drugs should be avoided?

A

Histamine releasing drugs - reglan, glucagon, morphine

54
Q

What are problems associated w/ Medullary Hyposecretion?

A

None - SNS & Other hormones will compensate

Summer 2020 - Physiology 2 - Endocrine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions