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adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On the top of each kidney

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2
Q

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

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3
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
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4
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids

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5
Q

What is the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland?

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A
  • ACTH
  • Renin-Angiotensin System
  • [K+] blood
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7
Q

What condition results from excess aldosterone?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

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8
Q

What condition results from deficient aldosterone?

A

Hypoaldosteronism or Addison’s disease

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9
Q

What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Regulates blood volume, electrolyte balance, and vascular resistance

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10
Q

What cells in the renal tubules are involved in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells (Macula Densa)

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11
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstrictor

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12
Q

What triggers renin release?

A

Reduction in blood volume and blood pressure

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13
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+

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14
Q

What is the role of principal cells in the kidneys?

A

Stimulate countercurrent Na+-K+ exchange

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15
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium?

A

Increased K+ excreted in urine

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16
Q

What does cortisol primarily regulate?

A

Metabolism and stress response

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17
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland?

A

Cortisol

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18
Q

What condition results from excess cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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19
Q

What condition results from deficient cortisol?

A

Addison’s disease

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20
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol considered?

A

Catabolic hormone

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21
Q

What is the cortisol awakening response?

A

Diurnal circadian rhythm

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22
Q

What hormones do the zona fasciculata and reticularis synthesize?

A

Adrenal androgens

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23
Q

Which hormone is produced principally by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

24
Q

What is the primary function of adrenaline?

A

Stress response (‘Fight-or-Flight’)

25
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on the body?

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases force of myocardial contraction
  • Reduces gastrointestinal motility
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Causes bronchodilation
  • Increases rate of breathing
  • Causes vasoconstriction in skin and GIT
  • Causes vasodilation in muscles, heart, and liver
  • Promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
26
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal medulla produces principally _______.

A

Adrenaline

27
Q

What is the precursor to adrenaline in its synthesis pathway?

28
Q

What is the role of ACTH in adrenal hormone production?

A

Stimulates production of adrenal hormones

29
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On the top of each kidney

30
Q

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

31
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
32
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids

33
Q

What is the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland?

A

Aldosterone

34
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A
  • ACTH
  • Renin-Angiotensin System
  • [K+] blood
35
Q

What condition results from excess aldosterone?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

36
Q

What condition results from deficient aldosterone?

A

Hypoaldosteronism or Addison’s disease

37
Q

What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Regulates blood volume, electrolyte balance, and vascular resistance

38
Q

What cells in the renal tubules are involved in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells (Macula Densa)

39
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstrictor

40
Q

What triggers renin release?

A

Reduction in blood volume and blood pressure

41
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+

42
Q

What is the role of principal cells in the kidneys?

A

Stimulate countercurrent Na+-K+ exchange

43
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium?

A

Increased K+ excreted in urine

44
Q

What does cortisol primarily regulate?

A

Metabolism and stress response

45
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland?

46
Q

What condition results from excess cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

47
Q

What condition results from deficient cortisol?

A

Addison’s disease

48
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol considered?

A

Catabolic hormone

49
Q

What is the cortisol awakening response?

A

Diurnal circadian rhythm

50
Q

What hormones do the zona fasciculata and reticularis synthesize?

A

Adrenal androgens

51
Q

Which hormone is produced principally by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

52
Q

What is the primary function of adrenaline?

A

Stress response (‘Fight-or-Flight’)

53
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on the body?

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases force of myocardial contraction
  • Reduces gastrointestinal motility
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Causes bronchodilation
  • Increases rate of breathing
  • Causes vasoconstriction in skin and GIT
  • Causes vasodilation in muscles, heart, and liver
  • Promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
54
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal medulla produces principally _______.

A

Adrenaline

55
Q

What is the precursor to adrenaline in its synthesis pathway?

56
Q

What is the role of ACTH in adrenal hormone production?

A

Stimulates production of adrenal hormones

human anatomy (21 decks)

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