Adolesence

Question 1

Initiation

Answer 1

Many non-Western cultures practice initiation.
Transform children into higher status social members. Transmit cultural and religious knowledge. Complete cessation of childhood experience.
Pg. 1

Question 2

Pubertal developement

Answer 2

Significant changes in body require adjustment.
Physical changes: secondary sexual characteristics, height and weight.
Females >2 years ahead of males

Question 3

Impact of body change

Answer 3

Body dissatisfaction peaks during adolescence

Self perceived weight: risk for eating disorders and unhealthy weight control, depression, anxiety, self-esteem

Question 4

Life-cycle surprises: early maturing boys

Answer 4

Self-assured
Attractive and better groomed
Poised and well-mannered
Out-going and more popular

Question 5

Life-cycle surprises

Answer 5

Psychological impact of being off schedule

Question 6

Life-cycle surprises: late maturing boys

Answer 6

Nervous and socially awkward
Bossy, unattractive and less popular
Seen as immature and irresponsible by adults

Question 7

Life-cycle surprises: early maturing girls

Answer 7

High levels of substance abuse
More hot image worries
Higher levels of anxiety and depression
More often apprehended for delinquent & aggressive acts

Question 8

Life-cycle surprises: late maturing girls

Answer 8

Higher body satisfaction

Question 9

Lifespans consequences: early maturing men

Answer 9

More rigid
More conforming
Less capable of coping with stress
Socially active

Question 10

Lifespan consequences: late maturing men

Answer 10

Derive greater satisfaction from intimate relationships
Seen as more understanding & considerate
Less likely to be divorced

Question 11

Lifespan consequences: early maturing women

Answer 11

More responsible, self-directed, socially poised & realistic
Less rigid in thinking
Less willing to give up in the face of adversity

Question 12

Lifespan consequences: late maturing women

Answer 12

Later to gain experience later in life

Less skilled in coping with adversity

Question 13

Neurocognitive development (adolescence)

Answer 13

Rapid neurocognitive growth and organisation
Neurobiology is distinct from that of a child and adult
Significant differences compared to childhood and adulthood in function and structure (prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, subcortical regions)

Question 14

Piaget adolescent theory of cognition

Answer 14

Formal operational thought.

Question 15

Formal operational thought

Answer 15

Final stage of cognitive maturity reached at end of adolescence. 
Age 11-15
Logical reasoning
Abstract problems
Hypotheticals

Question 16

Transitions on cognition

Answer 16

Testing approaches to determine where cognitive ability is at.
Concrete operational will use trial and error, difficult to repeat
Formal operational will use systematic testing with record keeping. Can understand effects of unobservable forces.

Question 17

Revisions of formal operational thought

Answer 17

Research in Australia suggest continued concrete operations at age 15.
Age 17 & 18 provide best evidence of formal thought

Question 18

Changes to Piaget’s theory of formal operational thought

Answer 18

Not necessarily a universal stage of development.
Environmental causality: educational differences & cultural influence
Genetic causality: inter-individual differences in ability
Nature-nurture interaction-cognitive specialisation: achieves formal operation only in area of interest

Question 19

Kuhn view of formal operational thought

Answer 19

Not present by age 15

Once present, is not consistently apparent and may only be evident in areas of interest and specialisations

Question 20

Kuhn support for original theory

Answer 20

Formal operations begin to develop in adolescence

Second-order thinking (metacognition) emerges first

Question 21

Costs of formal thought

Answer 21

With limited experience, capacity to think abstractly can have negative results
‘Imaginary audience’ and narcissism

Question 22

‘Imaginary audience’ and narcissism

Answer 22

Ability to imagine what other are thinking, but lack ‘reality check’
Delusions of invulnerability and personal uniqueness can lead to feelings of immunity from present harm and consequences.

Question 23

Moral development in adolescence

Answer 23

Formal operational thought allows for moral and philosophical thought:
Values and beliefs, ethical dilemmas

Question 24

Moral development: Kohlberg

Answer 24

Heinz dilemma
Scoring based on argument used to support opinion
6 stages of moral reasoning
Progression through stages is gradual, no skipping, rare to revert to previous stage

Question 25

6 stages of moral reasoning

Answer 25

Pre-conventional Conventional Post-conventional (Each has 2 stages)

Question 26

Stage 1: punishment and obedience

Answer 26

Good and bad determined by physical consequences Moral reasoning based on avoidance of punishment No consideration of internalised morality

Question 27

Stage 2: instrumental relativist

Answer 27

Understand that one problem may have several solutions Right and wrong are relative to ones own interests. Often uses others (ie makes deals) 'You scratch my back I'll scratch yours'

Question 28

Stage 3: interpersonal concordance

Answer 28

Good and bad is based on intention (ie motives) Place importance on being a good person - do unto others... Because society approves of consciousness, not for abstract/ethical reasons

Question 29

Stage 4: law and order

Answer 29

Moral reasoning is based on maintaining the social order | Showing respect for authority and doing ones duty

Question 30

Stage 5: social-contract legalistic

Answer 30

Morality still focussed on law and order Personal values and opinion are also considered - conflicts between legal and humanistic/ethical viewpoints Adherence to a social-contract (rights and standards that have been agreed upon by society)

Question 31

Stage 6: universal ethical-principle

Answer 31

Morality is not based on concrete rules | Moral decision making is guided by ones conscience and self-selected ethical principles

Question 32

Adjustment to Kohlberg's theory

Answer 32

Omission of stage 6. Reasons: No participants demonstrated reasoning at stage 6 level Standard dilemmas did not seem to differentiate between stages 5 & 6

Question 33

Gender and moral reasoning

Answer 33

Kohlberg only used males, so not representative of both genders. Females thought to reason through altruism, nurturance and sensitivity to others. Differences in experiences of males and females in life influence moral development.

Question 34

``` Personality development (adolescence) Identity crisis ```

Answer 34

Erikson: identity vs role confusion A sense of personal identity is a key developmental conflict occurring in adolescence. This conflict influences decision about study, social acceptant and plans for future. Identity is never fully formed- constantly evolving.

Question 35

Identity status

Answer 35

Conflict/crisis is good and important for a stable and well-formed identity Combination of confrontation and commitment to the identity produce 4 outcomes to the search for an identity

Question 36

Identity achievement

Answer 36

Active confrontation of the identity conflict, including a consideration of the identity options. Following period of conflict, a clear sense of self emerges with high identity certainty

Question 37

Identity moratorium

Answer 37

Prolonged period of identity crisis (extended period of feeling lost and confused) Results in a clear sense of self which reflects personal values and interests

Question 38

Identity foreclosure

Answer 38

Identity is adopted without period of conflict/crisis Identity lacks depth and complexity Does not reflect interests and values of individual Identity decision often comes from external sources (family, culture, society)

Question 39

Identity diffusion

Answer 39

Do not actively confront identity crisis Make no decision regarding identity Do not commit to internal or external sources of identity Results in disengagement from social activities and poor mental health (anxiety & depression)

Question 40

Emancipation

Answer 40

Seeking independence from parent-child bond Ideal outcomes is to re-make relationship, not dispense with it Resolution is usually reached after conflict Decreased closeness between parent and child

Question 41

Emerging role of peers

Answer 41

Often act as temporary attachments to allow for the severing of parental dependency

Question 42

Parenting style

Answer 42

Subtle differences from middle childhood to adolescence | Best outcomes from authoritative-democratic parenting style

Question 43

Effects of parenting style: issue of causality

Answer 43

Neglectful parenting styles appear to be related to drug use in teens. But is neglectful parenting causing drug use, or is drug use causing neglectful parenting?

Question 44

Friendships

Answer 44

Same sex friendships Represent complex relationships across several interactive platforms Attachments seem to replicate attachment styles made with parents Influence of peer-pressure appears to be contextual

Question 45

Relational aggression

Answer 45

Purposeful manipulation or damage to peer relationships with the intent to cause harm. Most prevalent and effective in girls due to the increased importance placed on social networks.

Question 46

What is adolesence?

Answer 46

Transition starting age 13. 'Teenager' Changes in: demands and privileges, physical growth, cognition, education, sexuality, social relationships Pg. 1

Question 47

Bullying

Answer 47

Aggression which intends to hard, is repeated over time, and includes an imbalance of power

Question 48

Internal working model (Bowlby)

Answer 48

A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others. The primary caregiver acts as a prototype for future relationships via the internal working model.