Adolescents Flashcards
How does communication change between teens and parent
Teens stop unquestionably accepting parents rules and expectation
Becoming more argumentative
Use abstract/muti-demensional thinking
Becomes more indecisive.
Myth or reality?
“Family Conflict is Inevitable”
Teens gain multidimensional thinking and may not always agree with their parents on personal issues (music, clothing) but tend to agree about moral issues (Stealing, academic success).
Adolescents want their parents involved
Myth or reality?
“A Generation Gap Exists”
Myth - difference in opinion on issues because they define them differently if they are perceive as part of the personal jurisdiction.
Generational Dissonance
Different expectations and opinions on issues
What is transformation in relationships?
Balance of power, balance of autonomy with expectations
What is violation of expectations?
Adolescent doesnt tell you everything. Lying in fear of reaction
What is problem solving
Perceiving and adapting for adult-adolescent differences. Sensitivity for adolescents.
How does gender effect family and family conflict
Boys and girls are treated equally
Parental Responsiveness
Degree to which the parents respond to the adolescent needs in an accepting, supporting manor.
Parental Demandingness
The extent to which the parents expect and demands mature, responsible behaviour from adolescents
Authoritative Parent
High demandingness High responsiveness.
They are warm, communicative, supportive and encourage autonomy.
Authoritarian Parent
High demandingness, Low Responsiveness
Strict rules, high demands, distrusting, won’t explain “why”
Indulgent Parent
Low Demandingness, High Responsiveness
Highly supportive and accepting, few rules, more friends then parents
Indifferent Parent
Low demandingness, Low responsiveness
No concern, no energy or time, detached, withdrawn, monitoring.
Adolescent with Authoritative Parent
Responsible, self-assured, creative healthy relationship
Adolescent with Authoritarian Parent
Dependent, passive. socially incapable
Adolescents with Indulgent Parents
Immature, Less Responsible
Adolescents with Indifferent Parents
Impulsive, more likely to participate in delinquent behavior
Secure attachment
Positive emotional bond
Insecure attachment
Difficulties in relationships, negative aspects of bonding
Avoidant attachment
Ignore or reject infant
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Inconstant treatment
Highly ignored and then very attentive.
Uninvolved/unresolved detachment
Usually high level of tea and is disoriented.
How is autonomy and attachment influencing personality and family closeness?
Autonomy = psychologically health, higher self esteem
Attachment (secure) - warm and loving relationships
Why are siblings so different?
Different experiences
Different perceptions of events
Different parent-child relationships (Favouring, boy vs girl)
What are the results of sibling differences?
Sibling rivalry - Trying to one up your sibling
De-idenitification - Trying to become very different from sibling when to similar.
Actively dealing with stress. (active)
Muture coping abilities
Autonomously confronting the problem and creating a solution/plan of action
Avoiding dealing with stress (avoidance)
Denying/avoiding dealing with stress. Minimizing the problem
Wishful thinking to deal with stress
Disengage from stressful experience.
What factors can make teens better at dealing with stress?
Parent involvement - outside support and advice
Teachers involvement - Helps encourage socialization, formation of peer support and active coping with stress.
What are 2 Environmental Influences on Behaviour?
Shared Environmental influences ( same parents/ same house)
Non-shared environment (friends, sports, ect.)
What makes divorce hard on teens?
Excess of stress
- Economic stress
- Moving stress/ single parent household
- Taking sides
- Enhanced risk of psychological/social issues
How does poverty affect the family and adolescent behaviour?
Increased risk of psychological difficulties and problem behaviour
Alienated from school
High stress levels
Poor neighbourhoods
What are 2 factors that benefit those in poverty.
Promotion of adolescent confidence/self-esteem
Restrictive strategies - minimize exposure (get kids positively, actively involved in the community, out of gangs and violent situations and away from family (economic, parent) fighting)
What is the nature of peer groups today? (4)
Great increase in time spent with peers (in comparison to time with family).
Peer groups function without adult supervision.
Increased interaction with opposite sex
Can be relatively large.
How do Family and peer groups effect family differently?
Family = actives and behaviour that emerge are focused on work and other tasks important for socialization of responsibility and achievement. Friends = Provide frequent opportunities for interaction and leisure which contributes to development of intimacy and enhance the adolescents mood and psychological well being
4 things that both family and peer groups give adolescents
- Identity Exploration
- Development and expression of Autonomy
- Socialization of appropriate sexual behaviours
- Influence on academic achievement
What is a crowd?
A large group based on reputations/stereotypes
A reference group (goth, jock, populars ect.)
What is the purpose of a crowd
A way to Brand individuals by with whom they hang out with
A way to develop a self identify
Impacts adolescent behaviours and feelings toward self.
3 ways that adolescents are affected by a crowd membership
- imitate behaviour of crowd leaders
- Establishment of group norms, values expectations and the development of self-esteem
- Reinforced for behaving in ways consistent with norms (do as others and you will “Belong”)
What is a Clique? How is it different from a crowd
Cliques are small groups (2-12) that are made up of close friendships. Sharing attitudes and respect/valuing of each other is seen.
Chosen by race, academics, interest ect.
What are 3 determining factors that an adolescent is in a Clique
- Orientation towards school and future occupational plans
- Orientation toward teen culture (e.g. type of music, clothing preference, leisure time.)
- Involved or not involved in antisocial activities (e.g. gangs.
3 ways to prevent association with deviant peers?
- Effective parenting/mentoring (monitoring and management)
- Monitoring of peer associations
- Group intervention.
What can happen through group intervention?
- May have Iatrogenic effects - undesired consequences of well intended treatments
- May push individuals toward deviant friends and delinquent behaviour. (process known as deviancy training)
How are gangs similar and different then peer groups?
Similar because it provides a sense of identity/belonging and is based on a common interest
Different because of how/why kids get into gangs
-Isolation from family
-More emotional and behaviour problems
Poor self conceptions
What does pseudo autonomy mean?
That adolescents haven’t fully cognitively developed thus they will make poor decisions and still need guidance/intervention by their parents.
What is selection (to a peer group)?
The choosing of individuals do to specific common traits
Ex. Alcohol users tend to select peers who use alto us alcohol to join a gang
What is Socialization (to a peer group?)
The integration of your peers beliefs the longer you hang out with them
Ex. peers influence over day to day preferences (clothes, binge drinking, music taste ect.)
What 3 factors determine popularity or rejection
- The individual
- The context
- The perceptions of others (what other people think about you)
What are the 2 types of popularity?
- Sociometric popularity
2. Perceived popularity
What does socio metric popularity refer to? What determines it?
Refers how well liked someone is. Is determined mainly by social skills.
The qualities of a socio metrical popular individual then to valued by all individuals (of different ages and backgrounds)
Perceived Popularity refers to? How is it determined?
How much status or prestige someone has. Is determined by a variety of factors
What makes teens unpopular
Peer rejection
What are the 3 types of unpopular adolescents?
- Aggressive
- Withdrawn
- Aggressive-withdrawn
What is an aggressive unpopular teen like?
- Uses physical and relational aggression to manipulate the social standing of other teens
- Used by both sexes. Girls are more aware to it and fall victim to it.
- Hostile attitude = when rejected and see others behaviour as deliberately hostile
What is Verna’s example of a an aggressive unpopular teen?
The boy who as kicked out of school for tripping an another boy. The second boy actually actually set up the first boy to look like he trip him.
What is a withdrawn unpopular teen like?
- At risk for low self esteem, depression and poor social skills
- Creates a victimization cycle
- Difficult making friend/joining a group. Teased by peers. Have social anxiety. Blame themselves
What skills do popular adolescents have?
- Integrated and balanced needs of self
- Control impulses
- Sees multiple perspectives on conflicting situations
- Knows how to act appropriately in eyes of peers
- Have confidence with being conceded
4 results of unpopularity?
- Low achievers in school
- Drop outs
- Show higher rates of Delinquent Behaviour
- Future emotional and behavioural deficiencies in adulthood
2 Results of popularity?
- More likely to have close friends
2. Engaged in school activities and receive social recognition.
What are the consequences of peer rejection for…
Anyone (all types)
Aggressive
Withdrawn
All types - negative mental health and psychological development
Aggressive - Conduct problems and involvement in antisocial activity
Withdrawn - rejected adolescent risk for low self esteem and depression.
What is Instrumental Aggression?
aggression that is strategically planned
What is reactive aggression?
Aggression that is unplanned
What is relational aggression?
Teasing, snubbing, gossiping, talking sides.
What is the definition of a bully?
An individual who use their strength or influence to intimidate others continuously.
How do bullies derive power?
From individual characteristics (size, age, intelligence)
From knowledge of others vulnerabilities and position in a group.
What is the optimal class size?
20-40 kids
What is tracking?
Grouping by students ability
What is Mainstreaming?
Mixing students of different abilities
What are the benefits/negatives of tracking?
Tracking allows like minded student to be given equal opportunity to learn at their own pace. However tracking can decrease motivation in students and teachers. I.e. a teacher has a low ability class and teaches them with less enthusiasm. The kids in turn feel discourage from learning and do poorer
What are the benefits/negatives of mainstreaming?
Mainstreaming gives equal education to all
High ability student get board :( but may be asked to help others to encourage interest.
Harder to teach to needs of students
The academically and economically advantaged student….
Have a overall positive experience
e.g. Private schools
Student with learning disabilities …
do poorer then expected
LD = dyslexia, emotional disorders, learning disorders
Drop outs students have… (5)
- years of school problems
- Low grades
- behaviour problems
- low scores on achievement
- family, peer and parental problems
Gifted adolescents are… (4)
- precocity (identified early)
- Independent
- drive for mastery
- excellent in information processing
What are the 6 concerns about age grouping and the transition of school levels (jr to high)?
- Mismatch (different ability levels - age related)
- Impersonal environment - parents aren’t wanted
- Discipline vs independence - discipline your self
- Impact of tracking
- Impact of mainstreaming
- To many options
4 Characteristics of a good teacher.
- personality - organized, enthusiastic, adaptable
- High expectations. - self fulfilling prophecies
- Committed - to teaching and student learning
- monitors effectivness - changes what isn’t working
Authoritative teaching
High expectations but also concerned for well being of students
Flexible, supportive, understanding, Positive
Indifferent teaching
No expectations
No support
Little energy/time given
Can lead to drop outs
Authoritarian teaching
Insists on obedience
Encourages passive learners
Has varying results
Indulgent teaching
Permissive style
Highly supportive and accepting
No consequences
Tend to lead to drop outs.
5 ways to keep student engaged
- provide opportunities to develop competence
- provide opportunity to develop the scenes of belonging
- provide opportunity to engage in authentic work
- emphasize intellectual activités
- provide opportunity to actively participate
3 major concerns of psychosocial development
- Academic honesty
- the zero tolerance policy
- social cruelty - bulling
Why is academic dishonesty a reality?
Teachers - believe little can be done to enforce
Students - difficult to get caught, easy to do.
What is the zero tolerance policy?
No violence allowed, no matter the circumstance. I.e. kid that “tripped” the bully.
Emphasizes obedience and conformity instead of constructive conversation (e.g. kicked out for using a stereotype, “ all aboriginals are drunks”)
Official arrest hrs disciplinary infractions
What does a family of high achievers look like?
Share in activités and decision making Exchange ideas Encouraged to achieve Sense of belonging Identify with parents
What does a family of low achievers look like?
Parents are rejection, less involved (indifferent or authoritarian)
Status depends on student’s success
Uninvolved or uninterested or excessively controling
What influences achievement in schools?
Activities and attitude of family, peer groups and neighbourhoods.
What is ruminating thought?
A though that continuously repeats and you super focus on.
Can lead to depression or anxiety
How do end ruminating thoughts?
- What is the problem
- propose solutions
- make a decision to resolve problem.
What are the benefits of social media?`
Connection, information sharing, belonging/identity, human advancement, networking, emotional outlet/enhances creativity, documents life,
What is the negative impact of media?
Inaccurate information, lack of physical activity and face to face communication, cyberbullying, poor interpretations, Can lead to dangerous situations
How can media be good and bad at the same time?
Mental health - can lead to awareness but cyberbullying can lead to disorders
Should parent be involved?
Yes
Do teens what their parents involved?
Yes but not to micromanage them.
How much time do teens spend on leisure actives? Productive activities? Maintenance?
40% - leisure
29% - productive
24% - maintenance
Boredom vs. Leisure activity
Leisure activity is chosen by teen and rarely seen as boring
Includes socializing, Sports, TV, music, internet, video games, shopping, ect.
What is a teens mood in the presence of friends?
Teens are more intrinsically motivated and concentrated when with friends then at school
With friends tasks are mindless.
Mood is happier with friends, lowest on when alone, middle when with family.
What are the myths about teen working?
Become more responsible, Mentors Learning the value of money Understanding hard work Work = learning enhances psychological development Does not effect parent-adolescent relationships.
How much time can a teen spend working in a week with out any negative effect?
10-15 hours
What type of jobs do teen occupy?
Retail and service positions - monotonous, unchallenging and stressful
Why do teens work?
“Cost of living” for teenagers
Kids make extra money but don’t learn how to budget.
What are the concerns of part time work?
The type of work
The value of the work
Danger od work –> to drugs and alcohol
Easily influenced
What are the long term disadvantages of working as a teen?
- Premature affluence
- cynicism of the value of hard work
- Poor financial habits
- Skip class/ take easier classes
- Exerts less effort
- Chronic fatigue
