Adolescence Flashcards
What four hormones are key in puberty?
- GnRH
- LH
- FSH
- Neuroendocrine hormones
What is gonadarche?
Activation of the gonads by pituitary hormones LH and FSH
What is adrenarche?
Increase in production of androgens by the adrenal cortex
What is thelarche?
Appearance of breast tissue
What is menarche?
First menstrual leed
What is spermarche?
First sperm production (nocturnal sperm emissions)
What is pubarche?
appearance of pubic hair due to androgens from the adrenal gland
What do men need oestradiol for?
Growth acceleration and skeletal maturation
What is the female time span for puberty?
Starts no earlier than 8, no later than 16
Lasts between 2 and 2.5 years
What is the male time span for puberty?
Starts no earlier than 9
Typically llasts 4 years
What is the first sign of female puberty?
Breast development, then hair, then menstruation
What is the first sign of male puberty?
Testicular volume
How many tanner stages are there?
Five
What are determinants of puberal timing?
- Health status
- Genetics
- Environment
- Race
- Nutritional status
What are the key signs of True Central Precocious Puberty?
- Accelerated linear growth
- Advanced bone age
- Pubertal levels of LH
- Pubertal levels of FSH
What are the main causes for True Central Precocious Puberty in girls?
Ovarian cysts or tumours
What are the main causes for True Central Precocious Puberty in boys?
Leydig cell tumour, germ cell tumour, Familial male-limited precocious puberty
What is McCune Alright syndrome?
Triad of:
- Peripheral precocious puberty
- Irregular café au lait spots
- Fibrous dysplasia of bone
What is delayed puberty in girls?
- 13 yo and no breast development
- More than 5 years between thelarche and menarche
- No pubic hair by 14 years old
- No menarche by 16 years old without secondary sexual characteristics
What is delayed puberty in boys?
- Testicular volume less than 4 mL by age 14
- No pubic hair by 15 years old
- More than 5 years to finish penile and testicular growth
What is secondary gonadal failure?
Hypothalamus does not send message to pituitary
What is primary gonadal failure?
Gonads are not producing horrmones
What is the bio-psycho-socal analysis of risk-taking?
- Risk and social context: risk-taking is frequently understood as solely a function of the individual; but this understanding doesn’t engage with the social, cultural and structural contexts young people face
- Risk and social identity: risk-taking can be linked to the negotiation and performance of particular social identities
- Risk and stigma and moral panics: labelling individuals and groups as ‘at risk’ and ‘risky’ has social effects. It can stigmatise and marginalise. This labelling is linked to the creation and enforcement of norms, linked to specific moralities and ethics
What Tanner stages do you measure for girls?
- Axillary hair
- Pubic hair
- Breast development
- Menarche
What Tanner stages do you measure for guys?
- Pubic har
- Axillary hair
- Gonad development
- Testicular volume
What does Tanner stage 1 include for girls?
Breasts: elevation of papilla only
Pubic Hair: villus hair only
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: adrenarche and ovarian growth
What does Tanner stage 2 include for girls?
Breasts: breast bud under the areola, areola enlargement
Pubic Hair: sparse hair along labia
Growth: 2.8-3.2 inches per year
Other: clitoral enlargement, labia pigmentation
What does Tanner stage 3 include for girls?
Breasts: breast itissue grows but has no contour or seperation
Pubic Hair: coarser hair curled pigmented covers the pubs
Growth: 3.2 inches per year
Other: axillary hair, acne
What does Tanner stage 4 include for girls?
Breasts: projection of aerols and papilla
Pubic Hair: adult hair, does not spread to thigh
Growth: 2.8 inches per year
Other: menarchy
What does Tanner stage 5 include for girls?
Breasts: adult-type contour
Pubic Hair: adult hair, spreads to medial thigh
Growth: cessation of linear growth
Other: adult genitalia
What does Tanner stage 1 include for boys?
Genitalia: testes <2.5 cm
Pubic hair: villus hair only
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: adrenarche
What does Tanner stage 2 include for boys?
Genitalia: 2.5-3.2cm, thinning and reddening of the scrotum
Pubic hair: sparse hair at the penis base
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: decreases in body fat
What does Tanner stage 3 include for boys?
Genitalia: 3.3-4.0 cm, increase of penis length
Pubic hair: thicker curly hair spreads to the pubis
Growth: 2.8-3.2 inches per year
Other: voice breaks, increase in muscle mass
What does Tanner stage 4 include for boys?
Genitalia: 4.1-4.5cm, penis growth, darkening of scrotum
Pubic hair: adult har does not spread to thighs
Growth: 4.0 inches per year
Other: axillary hair, voice change, acne
What does Tanner stage 5 include for boys?
Genitalia: >4.5cm, adult genitalia
Pubic hair: adult hair spreads to medial thigh
Growth: decleration, cessation
Other: facial hair, muscle mass increases
What are other changes associated with puberty?
- Anaemia
- Gynecomastia (resolves after 6 months)
- Acne
- Caused by androgenic stimulation
- Higher serum levels of DHEAS
Congenital maldevelopment linked to prenatal hyperglycaemia?
Macrosomia Midline facial defects Microtia (small ears) Microsomia (small mouth) Clefting NTDs
