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1. Human Development > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What four hormones are key in puberty?

A
  1. GnRH
  2. LH
  3. FSH
  4. Neuroendocrine hormones
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2
Q

What is gonadarche?

A

Activation of the gonads by pituitary hormones LH and FSH

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3
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

Increase in production of androgens by the adrenal cortex

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4
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Appearance of breast tissue

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5
Q

What is menarche?

A

First menstrual leed

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6
Q

What is spermarche?

A

First sperm production (nocturnal sperm emissions)

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7
Q

What is pubarche?

A

appearance of pubic hair due to androgens from the adrenal gland

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8
Q

What do men need oestradiol for?

A

Growth acceleration and skeletal maturation

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9
Q

What is the female time span for puberty?

A

Starts no earlier than 8, no later than 16

Lasts between 2 and 2.5 years

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10
Q

What is the male time span for puberty?

A

Starts no earlier than 9

Typically llasts 4 years

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11
Q

What is the first sign of female puberty?

A

Breast development, then hair, then menstruation

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12
Q

What is the first sign of male puberty?

A

Testicular volume

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13
Q

How many tanner stages are there?

A

Five

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14
Q

What are determinants of puberal timing?

A
  1. Health status
  2. Genetics
  3. Environment
  4. Race
  5. Nutritional status
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15
Q

What are the key signs of True Central Precocious Puberty?

A
  1. Accelerated linear growth
  2. Advanced bone age
  3. Pubertal levels of LH
  4. Pubertal levels of FSH
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16
Q

What are the main causes for True Central Precocious Puberty in girls?

A

Ovarian cysts or tumours

17
Q

What are the main causes for True Central Precocious Puberty in boys?

A

Leydig cell tumour, germ cell tumour, Familial male-limited precocious puberty

18
Q

What is McCune Alright syndrome?

A

Triad of:

  1. Peripheral precocious puberty
  2. Irregular café au lait spots
  3. Fibrous dysplasia of bone
19
Q

What is delayed puberty in girls?

A
  1. 13 yo and no breast development
  2. More than 5 years between thelarche and menarche
  3. No pubic hair by 14 years old
  4. No menarche by 16 years old without secondary sexual characteristics
20
Q

What is delayed puberty in boys?

A
  1. Testicular volume less than 4 mL by age 14
  2. No pubic hair by 15 years old
  3. More than 5 years to finish penile and testicular growth
21
Q

What is secondary gonadal failure?

A

Hypothalamus does not send message to pituitary

22
Q

What is primary gonadal failure?

A

Gonads are not producing horrmones

23
Q

What is the bio-psycho-socal analysis of risk-taking?

A
  1. Risk and social context: risk-taking is frequently understood as solely a function of the individual; but this understanding doesn’t engage with the social, cultural and structural contexts young people face
  2. Risk and social identity: risk-taking can be linked to the negotiation and performance of particular social identities
  3. Risk and stigma and moral panics: labelling individuals and groups as ‘at risk’ and ‘risky’ has social effects. It can stigmatise and marginalise. This labelling is linked to the creation and enforcement of norms, linked to specific moralities and ethics
24
Q

What Tanner stages do you measure for girls?

A
  1. Axillary hair
  2. Pubic hair
  3. Breast development
  4. Menarche
25
Q

What Tanner stages do you measure for guys?

A
  1. Pubic har
  2. Axillary hair
  3. Gonad development
  4. Testicular volume
26
Q

What does Tanner stage 1 include for girls?

A

Breasts: elevation of papilla only
Pubic Hair: villus hair only
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: adrenarche and ovarian growth

27
Q

What does Tanner stage 2 include for girls?

A

Breasts: breast bud under the areola, areola enlargement
Pubic Hair: sparse hair along labia
Growth: 2.8-3.2 inches per year
Other: clitoral enlargement, labia pigmentation

28
Q

What does Tanner stage 3 include for girls?

A

Breasts: breast itissue grows but has no contour or seperation
Pubic Hair: coarser hair curled pigmented covers the pubs
Growth: 3.2 inches per year
Other: axillary hair, acne

29
Q

What does Tanner stage 4 include for girls?

A

Breasts: projection of aerols and papilla
Pubic Hair: adult hair, does not spread to thigh
Growth: 2.8 inches per year
Other: menarchy

30
Q

What does Tanner stage 5 include for girls?

A

Breasts: adult-type contour
Pubic Hair: adult hair, spreads to medial thigh
Growth: cessation of linear growth
Other: adult genitalia

31
Q

What does Tanner stage 1 include for boys?

A

Genitalia: testes <2.5 cm
Pubic hair: villus hair only
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: adrenarche

32
Q

What does Tanner stage 2 include for boys?

A

Genitalia: 2.5-3.2cm, thinning and reddening of the scrotum
Pubic hair: sparse hair at the penis base
Growth: 2-2.4 inches per year
Other: decreases in body fat

33
Q

What does Tanner stage 3 include for boys?

A

Genitalia: 3.3-4.0 cm, increase of penis length
Pubic hair: thicker curly hair spreads to the pubis
Growth: 2.8-3.2 inches per year
Other: voice breaks, increase in muscle mass

34
Q

What does Tanner stage 4 include for boys?

A

Genitalia: 4.1-4.5cm, penis growth, darkening of scrotum
Pubic hair: adult har does not spread to thighs
Growth: 4.0 inches per year
Other: axillary hair, voice change, acne

35
Q

What does Tanner stage 5 include for boys?

A

Genitalia: >4.5cm, adult genitalia
Pubic hair: adult hair spreads to medial thigh
Growth: decleration, cessation
Other: facial hair, muscle mass increases

36
Q

What are other changes associated with puberty?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Gynecomastia (resolves after 6 months)
  3. Acne
    - Caused by androgenic stimulation
    - Higher serum levels of DHEAS
37
Q

Congenital maldevelopment linked to prenatal hyperglycaemia?

A 
Macrosomia
Midline facial defects
Microtia (small ears)
Microsomia (small mouth)
Clefting
NTDs

1. Human Development (18 decks)

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