ADOLESCENCE Flashcards
psychological and social transition between
childhood and adulthood.
Adolescence
process of physical changes by which adolescents reach maturity (e.g. become capable of reproduction).
Puberty
period of bodily changes which starts on
puberty.
Pubescence
Philippine Pediatric Society:
Adolescent:
10-19 years old
Relationship deepens, autonomy in decision making
grows, intellectual pursuits and social belonging are
sought.
Adolescence
Maturation, physiologic signs and surging sexual
hormones of puberty.
“Work in progress”
Adolescence
Increase in risk taking, sexual behavior, family
attachment to peer affiliation.
Adolescence
→ enhances the ability to understand
social situations, control impulses. Make long range
plans and think ahead.
Cortical gray matter
increased connectivity enhancing the
ability to acquire new competencies)
White matter
puberty in males:
starts at______;ends at_____
10-11y.o; 15-17y.o
puberty in females:
starts at______;ends at_____
11-12y.o;17-19y.o
degree of successful adaptation
75%
25%degree
maladjustments, conduct problems, substance use,
mood disorder & other psychiatric disorder
Psychologically disturbed children are at great risk for
disorders in adolescence.(True or False)
true
Risk for conflicts with families will not lead to alienation.(True or False)
false
7 HAVIGHURST’S DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates
of both sexes.
• Achieving a masculine or feminine social role.
• Accepting one’s physique and using body effectively.
• Desiring, accepting & achieving socially responsible
behaviors.
• Achieving emotional independence.
• Preparing for an economic career, marriage and family life.
• Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system.
Most striking initial changes in early adolescence
physically, attitude and
behavior.
Boys growth spurt:_____
• Girls growth spurt:____
begin in this stage;1-2 years earlier
EARLY ADOLESCENCE
.Question previously accepted family values.
• Interest in opposite or same sex.
• Awareness of sexuality.
• Adjustment to rapid changes in body and self-image.
Major developmental task in early adolescence
establish independence,
turning to peers of same gender.
• Growing desire for autonomy.
• Smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, try marijuana.
Overwhelming turmoil: dramatic rejection of family,
friends & lifestyle leads to alienation of adolescent( True or False)
true
Major task in middle adolescence
becoming comfortable with sexuality
Sense of “omnipotence”will not lead to parental conflicts.(true or false)
false
Self-esteem influences risk taking behaviors:
accidents
and suicide peak at this stage
middle adolescence
.pursuing their goals of being independent.
• Abstract thinking, realistic decision making and application
to social judgment are put to test.
• Sexual behavior intensifies → complicated romantic
relationship.
Continued exploration
academic, music, art, athletic &
social pursuits.
LATE ADOLESCENCE
Greater definition of self and sense of belongingness.
• Identities that are established continues to be refined
during adulthood.
• High idealism, rigid concepts of right or wrong.
• Ability to think problems with various alternatives.
Favors close, intimate and caring relationship over
peers.
Search for a partner
maturation and
enlargement of the sex organs.
Primary sex characteristics
physiological signs of
sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex
organs.
Secondary sex characteristics
beginning of menstrual periods;
usually around 12-13 years old.
menarche
the first ejaculation - 13-14 years
old; facial hair-14 years old.
spermarche
Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR):
Tanner stages
SMR 4-5____;SMR__
girls;boys
ovarian follicle matures on a monthly
basis (ovulation occurs)
SMR 4-5
ability to ejaculate is achieved; secondary characteristics (thickening of the skin, broadening of facial hair).
within a year of SMR 2
Preadolescent;
No sexual hair
Tanner stage 1
Tanner stage 2
Hair is sparse;pigmented, long
and straight situated mainly at the base of
the penis, along the labia, breast budding
Hair is darker,
coarser and
curlier; continued enlargement of breast
Tanner stage 3
Tanner stage 4
Adult form of hair with
decreased distribution ,Areola and
papilla form secondary
mound
Adult hair inform and quantity; spreads up to medial thighs;Mature
female breast
Tanner stage 5
last to
develop
pre-fontal
process of removing neurons which
may have become damaged or degraded in order to
further improve the “networking” capacity of a
particular area.
Synaptic pruning
a work in progress (prefrontal cortex is last to
develop) - 20 years old.
Teen brain
Cognitive Development Theory
Formal Operational (12yrs-adult), Concrete operational (7-12), Pre-operational(2-6),Sensorimotor (0-2)
→Begin to think logically and abstractly.
→Theoretical, philosophical and scientific reasoning.
→Abstract concepts and moral values.
→Reinterpret and revise knowledge base.
Formal Operational
→Executive functions of the brain.
→Still some degree of omnipotence and magical thinking
(recklessness together with more mature abstract
thinking).
→Allows them to think on future aspiration.
Cognitive maturation
Advancements in thinking occurs in 5 areas during adolescence
Attention, Memory, Processing, Organization,
Metacognition
“Who am I?” and “Who I want to be?”
Typically relies on his or her society of peers to resolve
inner conflicts.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Positive outcome:
Negative outcome:
strong identity ;
confusion, unable to make decisions
and choices about his/her role in life.
Characteristics Adolescent Tasks
→Exploration of selves through others (idols).
→Isolation and rejection problems.
Development as independent
School age -identify with their family or parents as role
models.
→Early Adolescence: taking issue
Mid Adolescence - teen ambivalence: retreating
→Late Adolescence: comfortable being away from home
& unfamiliar situation.
Impact on Parents
→Confusing and bewildering.
→Hurtful of not being close.
→Angry that teens seem to contract everything they say.
→Will need reassurance about normality of the process.
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Genital Stage:
→Age range: puberty-death.
→Erogenous zone: maturing sexual interest.
→Consequences of psychologic fixation: frigidity,
impotence.
Level 2:MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Conventional Morality: 10- 15 years old
→Wanting to be nice.
→Finds peer approval very important.
→Feels that intentions are as important as deeds.
→Begin to put himself/herself in another’s shoes
(empathy) and think from another perspective
Stage 3: Good Boy: Good Girl Orientation
→At this stage consider society as a whole when making judgment. →Begin to be an activist. →Duty doer who believes in rigid rules. →Respects authority. →Supports the rights of majority →Part of about 80% of the population does not progress or past on stage 4.
Stage 4: Law and Social Order: 10 – 15 years old
→To account for the differing values.
→Believes in the greatest amount of good for the greatest
number of people.
→Consensus (everyone agrees).
→Respect the rights of the minority especially the rights of
individual.
→Believes that change in the law is possible but only
through the system
Stage 5: Legalistic Social Contract: 16 years old and above
→Abstract reasoning.
→Follow internalized principles of justice even if they have
conflict with laws and rules.
→Believes that there are higher moral principles than
those represented with social rules and customs.
→Willing to accept the consequences for disobedience of
the social rule he or she has rejected.
→Believes that dignity of humanity is sacred and that all
humans have value.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
4 General Types:Risk Taking Behavior
→Teenage sexuality;
→Alcohol / drug use:
→Delinquency / antisocial behavior:
→School failure / underachievement:
Resistance to stress, flexibility, adaptability, good coping.
RESILIENCY
Steps in Decision Making:
→Identify the situation/problem
→Weigh your options
→Decide
5 DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENCE
Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial, Psychosexual, Moral
displayed by increased
modesty and embarrassment with their current
physical development or may exhibit itself in an
increased interest in the opposite/same sex.
Awareness of sexuality
Gay and lesbian adolescents: timing of dating
experience is delayed or influenced by acceptance of
homosexuality or attitudes toward homosexuality.
Heterosexual dating patterns
influence activities, style,
music, idols and role models.
Identification with peer group
- Hormonal Changes
- Sexual Maturation
- Physical Growth
- Brain Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
▪Adrenal glands
▪Sex glands
Adrenarche; Gonadarche
maturation of adrenal glands and sex glands
hormonal changes
priming the body to behave in a certain way once
puberty begins
Organizational Role
triggering certain behavioral and physical changes
Activational Role
testes primarily release______, and
the ovaries release____ ; the production of
these hormones_____ gradually until sexual
maturation is met.
testosterone; estrogen; increases
TANNER STAGES
Development of
breasts and penis and
pubic hair
Ranges for SMR 1
– SMR 5
Puberty ; Adult
Rapid increase in height and weight due to release
of
growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and
androgens
The first places to grow are the —-(head,
hands, and feet), followed by the arms and legs, and
later the ____
extremities ; torso and shoulders
T/F : •‘More fats in males’, ‘more muscles on females’.
F
T/F: •An adolescent’s heart and lungs increase in both size
and capacity during puberty; these changes
contribute to increased strength and tolerance for
exercise.
T
Executive Function of brain-
Transition from ABSTRACT thinking to more
concrete thinking (T/F)
F: concrete to abstract
Increased ability to draw_____ in
scientific pursuits, with peer / social interactions
LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS
the process by which one focuses
on one stimulus while tuning out another
selective
attention
the ability to
pay attention to two or more stimuli at the
same time.
divided attention
Improvements are seen in both working
memory and long-term memory.
memory
use mnemonic
devices and other strategies to think more
efficiently.
organization
ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action, and provide alternative explanations
of events.
metacogntion
ability to confront and resolve his or her remaining
psychosexual childhood conflicts.
genital stage
•As in the phallic stage, the genital stage is
centered upon the genitalia but the sexuality is
consensual and adult, rather than solitary and
infantile.(T/F)
T
presence of risk factors – does not always guarantee a negative
outcome will occur but increases the probability;
e.g., being raised by a single parent(T/F)
T
presence of protective factors – buffer, modify, or ameliorate an
individual’s reaction to a situation; e.g., being raised
by a single but caring parent supported by others(T/F)
T
