Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Development > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neonatal

A

birth to two weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infant

A

3 weeks to 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Toddlerhood

A

13 months to 2 years (2 year 11 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Early Childhood

A

Preschool and elementary school ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preschool

A

3 to 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elementary school

A

5 to 11 years (10 year 11 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adolescence

A

11 to 18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Young adulthood

A

18 to 22/25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adulthood

A

22-40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Middle Age

A

40 to 65 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Late adulthood (older Adult)

A

65+ years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adolescent period begins and ends when?

A

Begins with sexual maturity, ends with cessation of growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pre-adolescnece

A

-rapid physical growth
-development of secondary sex characteristics
Females develop at 8-10 years
Males develop at 9-11 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes rapid growth and secondary sex characteristics to develop during puberty?

A

Gonadal hormone changes
(gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does puberty/pre-adolescence end?

A

Females: menarche at age 12-13

Males: production of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Four major changes of puberty

A
  1. Development of primary sex characteristics (testes and ovaries)
  2. Development of secondary sex characteristics (physical appearance)
  3. Rapid physical growth spurt in height and weight
  4. Changes in body proportions

More susceptible to injury during this time!! implications for PT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does puberty relate to female athletes?

A

-playing sports can delay menarche or cause menstrual irregularities (either prevent or irregular cycle)
-female athletes with low body weight in particular are affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Puberty is ______ to the ______ as the phase of _______

A

second, prenatal period, most rapid growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does growth spurt begin?

A

feet -> legs -> trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Height and weight growth in PUBERTY

A

Height
Boys: 4-12 inches
Girls: 2-8 inches

Weight
both gain 15-65 pounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Height growth in ADOLESCENCE

A

Girls: stops growing b/w 16-17 years of age. 98% of final height by 17

Boys: grow until 18-20 years, reach 98% of max height by 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Changes in body proportions during puberty

A

Face: nose reaches adult size first
Hands + feet: reach adult size before arms and legs
Limbs + trunk: LE becomes longer than trunk

Bones grow faster than muscle, so leads to poor length-tension relationship and awkward movements

24
Q

When does bone growth stop in adolescents?

A

18 for girls and 21 for boys

25
Q

Skeletal maturity is attained when _______

A

the epiphyseal plates close

26
Q

When do epiphyseal plates close?

A

cranial bones: 2 years old
vertebral arches: 1 year old, lumbar spine 6 years old

ALL GROWTH PLATES CLOSED AT 25 YEARS OLD

27
Q

What should you not do over a growth/epiphyseal plate?

A

Ultrasound

It can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint

28
Q

When do growth plates of long bones close?

A

18-20. Or 25 years. who knows.

29
Q

How do you determine maturation of bones?

A

Compare ossification amount on x-ray with a standard

30
Q

Bone is _____ through much of adolescence

A

Immature
-more porous, thick periosteum
-Unstable physes/growth plates

31
Q

Changes to muscular system during adolescence

A

-Muscle size, strength, and endurance increases
-Muscle mass increases then body grows
-Strength and muscle mass are positively correlated during growth

32
Q

When does muscle diameter reach adult levels?

A

early teens, 12-15 years

33
Q

Strength increase patterns

A

Increases linearly with age from 6-18 years

Girls: level off after 15 years
Boys: accelerates between 13-20 years

34
Q

During adolescence, what happens to the length-tension relationship?

A

The bones grow faster than the muscles, so the muscles need to lengthen to restore the length-tension relationship

35
Q

Resting pulse and respiratory rate for adolescents

A

Pulse: 60-90 beats/min

Respiratory: 16-24 breaths/min

36
Q

Changes in cardiopulmonary system during adolescence

A

size of heart and blood volume increase

weight and volume of lungs increase

37
Q

Cardiopulmonary system changes during acute exercise in adolescents

A

-HR is higher during submax and max exercise
-Stroke volume is lower
-cardiac output is higher
-BP is lower at rest, and less dramatic rise during exercise

These are to react to the increases in growth/size of the body!

38
Q

Temperature regulation changes in adolescence

A

-higher surface area to body mass ratio
-more metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activities
-lower sweating capacity b/c less sweat glands
-at low temps lose heat faster

This is why teens are at a higher risk of having a cardiac arrest, fainting, or heat injury at high temperatures!

39
Q

What is the appropriate exercise frequency and intensity for adolescents?

A

3-5 times per week

-50-85% of VO2 max normally
-40-50% in deconditioned individuals

40
Q

True or false. BMI is a measure that is reflective of physical fitness?

A

False

41
Q

Psychosocial and behavior changes in adolescence/puberty

A

-negative attitudes and interactions
-self-conscious or low self esteem (potentially b/c of growth spurt)
-social antagonism
-searching for identity, challenge family values
-high emotions

42
Q

Psychosocial changes over time

A

Young teens (13-14)
-self-centered
-value peer opinions when they align with their preoccupations

Middle teens (15-16)
-better at compromising and seeing others’ views
-think independently, make decisions
-risk-taking. focus on present, no consequences
-dating

Late teens (17-18)
-sense of seriousness
-ends when taking on adult work roles, marrying, or having children

43
Q

When do adolescents grow in using hypothetical thinking, formal logic, and abstract concepts?

A

11-14 years

44
Q

Self-esteem trends in adolescents

A

-initial decline, especially with girls
-determined by physical attractiveness, acceptance by peers, academic and athletic ability
-peer support is most important for determining esteem during this time

45
Q

Factors of cognitive development

A

-more relative, less absolute thinking
-more self-reflective
-considering extended time perspective

46
Q

Suicide is the _____ leading cause of death in youths and young adults

A

3rd

47
Q

How is depression masked during adolescence?

A

-anxiety
-eating disorders
-substance abuse
-hyperactivity

48
Q

How can adolescents improve neuromuscular control?

A

By playing multiple sports

Doing the same sport over and over can also lead to higher injury rates

49
Q

How do growth spurts affect adolescent athletes?

A

The changes in body proportion and length-tension relationship decrease coordination

50
Q

RED-S

A

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Basically, not enough calorie intake or excessive energy expenditure to the point where the body doesn’t have enough energy to support its physiological functions

Common in adolescent athletes, particularly females

51
Q

PT Implications for RED-S

A

-decreased muscular strength + endurance
-Chronic fatigue
-Bone loss can lead to increased risk of fractures
-Can lead to stress, depression, and anxiety
-Most common in sports like gymnastics and swimming where body shape is emphasized more

52
Q

RED-S was formerly known as ______

A

Female athlete triad

53
Q

ACL Injuries

A

-Very common in adolescents, especially females
-happens most of the time in sports with cutting/rotating the knee (basketball, soccer, volleyball)
-increased risk of OA later in life

54
Q

What often occurs with an ACL injury in adolescents?

A

Fracture of the growth plate
Girls close at 13-15, boys at 15-17

55
Q

Rehabilitation for ACL injuries

A

Early: range of motion + mobility
Gradually: progress to strengthening, endurance, and neuromuscular training (focus on hamstring and glutes)
Later: sports-specific activities

Human Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions