Adolescence Flashcards
Infancy
Birth to 1 year
Neonatal
birth to two weeks
Infant
3 weeks to 12 months
Toddlerhood
13 months to 2 years (2 year 11 months)
Early Childhood
Preschool and elementary school ages
Preschool
3 to 5 years
Elementary school
5 to 11 years (10 year 11 months)
Adolescence
11 to 18 years
Young adulthood
18 to 22/25 years
Adulthood
22-40 years
Middle Age
40 to 65 years
Late adulthood (older Adult)
65+ years
Adolescent period begins and ends when?
Begins with sexual maturity, ends with cessation of growth
Pre-adolescnece
-rapid physical growth
-development of secondary sex characteristics
Females develop at 8-10 years
Males develop at 9-11 years
What causes rapid growth and secondary sex characteristics to develop during puberty?
Gonadal hormone changes
(gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
When does puberty/pre-adolescence end?
Females: menarche at age 12-13
Males: production of sperm
Four major changes of puberty
- Development of primary sex characteristics (testes and ovaries)
- Development of secondary sex characteristics (physical appearance)
- Rapid physical growth spurt in height and weight
- Changes in body proportions
More susceptible to injury during this time!! implications for PT
How does puberty relate to female athletes?
-playing sports can delay menarche or cause menstrual irregularities (either prevent or irregular cycle)
-female athletes with low body weight in particular are affected
Puberty is ______ to the ______ as the phase of _______
second, prenatal period, most rapid growth
Where does growth spurt begin?
feet -> legs -> trunk
Height and weight growth in PUBERTY
Height
Boys: 4-12 inches
Girls: 2-8 inches
Weight
both gain 15-65 pounds
Height growth in ADOLESCENCE
Girls: stops growing b/w 16-17 years of age. 98% of final height by 17
Boys: grow until 18-20 years, reach 98% of max height by 18
Changes in body proportions during puberty
Face: nose reaches adult size first
Hands + feet: reach adult size before arms and legs
Limbs + trunk: LE becomes longer than trunk
Bones grow faster than muscle, so leads to poor length-tension relationship and awkward movements
When does bone growth stop in adolescents?
18 for girls and 21 for boys
Skeletal maturity is attained when _______
the epiphyseal plates close
When do epiphyseal plates close?
cranial bones: 2 years old
vertebral arches: 1 year old, lumbar spine 6 years old
ALL GROWTH PLATES CLOSED AT 25 YEARS OLD
What should you not do over a growth/epiphyseal plate?
Ultrasound
It can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint
When do growth plates of long bones close?
18-20. Or 25 years. who knows.
How do you determine maturation of bones?
Compare ossification amount on x-ray with a standard
Bone is _____ through much of adolescence
Immature
-more porous, thick periosteum
-Unstable physes/growth plates
Changes to muscular system during adolescence
-Muscle size, strength, and endurance increases
-Muscle mass increases then body grows
-Strength and muscle mass are positively correlated during growth
When does muscle diameter reach adult levels?
early teens, 12-15 years
Strength increase patterns
Increases linearly with age from 6-18 years
Girls: level off after 15 years
Boys: accelerates between 13-20 years
During adolescence, what happens to the length-tension relationship?
The bones grow faster than the muscles, so the muscles need to lengthen to restore the length-tension relationship
Resting pulse and respiratory rate for adolescents
Pulse: 60-90 beats/min
Respiratory: 16-24 breaths/min
Changes in cardiopulmonary system during adolescence
size of heart and blood volume increase
weight and volume of lungs increase
Cardiopulmonary system changes during acute exercise in adolescents
-HR is higher during submax and max exercise
-Stroke volume is lower
-cardiac output is higher
-BP is lower at rest, and less dramatic rise during exercise
These are to react to the increases in growth/size of the body!
Temperature regulation changes in adolescence
-higher surface area to body mass ratio
-more metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activities
-lower sweating capacity b/c less sweat glands
-at low temps lose heat faster
This is why teens are at a higher risk of having a cardiac arrest, fainting, or heat injury at high temperatures!
What is the appropriate exercise frequency and intensity for adolescents?
3-5 times per week
-50-85% of VO2 max normally
-40-50% in deconditioned individuals
True or false. BMI is a measure that is reflective of physical fitness?
False
Psychosocial and behavior changes in adolescence/puberty
-negative attitudes and interactions
-self-conscious or low self esteem (potentially b/c of growth spurt)
-social antagonism
-searching for identity, challenge family values
-high emotions
Psychosocial changes over time
Young teens (13-14)
-self-centered
-value peer opinions when they align with their preoccupations
Middle teens (15-16)
-better at compromising and seeing others’ views
-think independently, make decisions
-risk-taking. focus on present, no consequences
-dating
Late teens (17-18)
-sense of seriousness
-ends when taking on adult work roles, marrying, or having children
When do adolescents grow in using hypothetical thinking, formal logic, and abstract concepts?
11-14 years
Self-esteem trends in adolescents
-initial decline, especially with girls
-determined by physical attractiveness, acceptance by peers, academic and athletic ability
-peer support is most important for determining esteem during this time
Factors of cognitive development
-more relative, less absolute thinking
-more self-reflective
-considering extended time perspective
Suicide is the _____ leading cause of death in youths and young adults
3rd
How is depression masked during adolescence?
-anxiety
-eating disorders
-substance abuse
-hyperactivity
How can adolescents improve neuromuscular control?
By playing multiple sports
Doing the same sport over and over can also lead to higher injury rates
How do growth spurts affect adolescent athletes?
The changes in body proportion and length-tension relationship decrease coordination
RED-S
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
Basically, not enough calorie intake or excessive energy expenditure to the point where the body doesn’t have enough energy to support its physiological functions
Common in adolescent athletes, particularly females
PT Implications for RED-S
-decreased muscular strength + endurance
-Chronic fatigue
-Bone loss can lead to increased risk of fractures
-Can lead to stress, depression, and anxiety
-Most common in sports like gymnastics and swimming where body shape is emphasized more
RED-S was formerly known as ______
Female athlete triad
ACL Injuries
-Very common in adolescents, especially females
-happens most of the time in sports with cutting/rotating the knee (basketball, soccer, volleyball)
-increased risk of OA later in life
What often occurs with an ACL injury in adolescents?
Fracture of the growth plate
Girls close at 13-15, boys at 15-17
Rehabilitation for ACL injuries
Early: range of motion + mobility
Gradually: progress to strengthening, endurance, and neuromuscular training (focus on hamstring and glutes)
Later: sports-specific activities
