Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Age guidelines for adolescence

A

Early adolescence: 12-14 years
Mid-adolescence: 15-17 years
Late adolescence: 18-21 years

same as the periods of psychosocial development

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2
Q

Normal physical growth and development that occurs during adolescence

A

Puberty => body matures that of a child to a young adult
- early adolescence
- sexual maturation
- increases in height and weight
- accumulation of skeletal muscle
- Changes in body composition

Sequence of maturation events is consistent but a lot of variation
- this affects nutrition requirements of adolescents
- this should be used to assess growth and development and nutritional needs, not age

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3
Q

Describe Sexual Maturation Rating or “Tanner Stages”

A

Scale of secondary sexual characteristics used to assess degree of pubertal maturation
- SMR 1 = pre-pubertal growth and development
- SMR 2 -5 = occurrences of puberty
- SMR 5 = sexual maturation has concluded

Based on:
- breast development and appearance of pubic hair in females
- Testicular and penile development in males

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4
Q

Describe the maturation and growth of females

A
  • Menarche (onset of first menstrual period) occurs 2-4 years after initial development of breast buds
  • age of menarche ranges from 9 to 17 years
  • peak linear growth occurs ~6 to 12 months prior to menarche
  • Highly competitive athletes with severely restricted diets may have delay or slow growth
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5
Q

Describe the maturation and growth of males

A
  • Males show great deal of variation in chronological age at which sexual maturation takes place
  • Peak velocity of linear growth occurs during SMR 4 and ends with appearance of facial hair at age 14.5 years
  • Linear growth continues throughout adolescence ceasing at age 21
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6
Q

Changes in weight, body composition, and skeletal muscle in females

A

As much as 50% of ideal adult body wt is gained during adolescence
- Slows down at time of menarche, but continues into late adolescence

Peak accumulation of muscle occurs around or just after onset of menses
- Gain avg of 2.5 lbs (1.14 kg) of body fat mass each year during puberty
- Body fat levels peak age 15-16 yrs
- ~17% body fat is required for menarche to occur

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7
Q

Changes in weight, body composition, and skeletal muscle in males

A

Peak wt gain at the same time as peak linear growth & peak muscle mass accumulation

Peak wt gain, ~20 lb per year

Body fat decreases to ~12%

~Half of bone mass is accrued in adolescence
- By age 18, more than 90% of skeletal mass has been formed

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8
Q

Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Adolescents

A

Increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass and body fat

Energy & nutrient needs during adolescence exceed those of any other point in life (pregnancy may be only exception)

Needs correspond to physical maturation stage

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9
Q

Energy needs are influenced by:

A

Activity level
BMR
Pubertal growth and development
Sex

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10
Q

DRI for adolescents for PRO

A

0.95 g/kg body wt (9-13 yrs)
0.85 g/kg body wt (14-18 yrs)
or 10-30% of energy

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11
Q

What results are linked to low protein intakes?

A

Reductions in linear growth
delays in sexual maturation
reduced lean body mass

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12
Q

DRI for adolescents for CHO and fiber

A

Carbohydrates:
- 130 g/day or 45-65% of calories

Dietary Fiber:
- Avg intake/d: males 16.4 g, females 12.6 g
- DRI recommends:
Female (9-18 yo) 26 g/day
Male (9-13 yo) 31 g/day
Male (14-18 yo) 38 g/day

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13
Q

DRI for adolescents for Fat

A

Required as dietary fat and essential fatty acids for growth and development
25-35% of calories from total fat
<10% calories from saturated fat

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14
Q

Calcium requirements during adolescence (and why it is needed)

A

Critical to ensure peak bone mass
DRI for ages 9-18 years is 1300 mg/d

Approx. Average intake:
937 mg for females
1311 mg for males (ie. much lower)

Weight bearing activities increase bone mineral density
~4 times more calcium retained during early adolescence compared to early adulthood
those who do not consume dairy should consume calcium fortified foods

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15
Q

When is calcium absorption rate the highest in females and males?

A

Menarche
Early adolescence

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16
Q

Vitamin D requirements during adolescents (and why it is needed)

A

Essential for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Essential for bone formation

RDA – 600 IU/day

17
Q

Iron requirements during adolescents (and why it is needed)

A

Needs related to:
- rapid rate of linear growth
- increase in blood volume
- menarche in females (risk of deficiency after menarche)

needs greatest for males during growth

Females 9-13 yo: 8 mg/d
Females 14-18 yo: 15 mg/d
Males 9-13 yo: 8 mg/d
Males 14-18 yo: 11 mg/d

18
Q

Folate requirements during adolescents (and why it is needed)

A

Require for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
Adequate folate intake for female adolescents reduces incidence of birth defects like spina bifida

DRI: 400 mcg

better absorbed when added to foods (rather than natural)

increased risk of deficiency when skipping breakfast

19
Q

UL for caffeine intake

A

Research suggests up to 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day is likely acceptable

20
Q

Facts on perception of body size in adolescences

A

1 in 3 high school students perceive themselves as overweight
Frequently adolescents who diet are not overweight
2 in 5 students are trying to lose weight

21
Q

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

A

Characterized by:
Low energy diet and/or excessive exercise which leads to => Impact on hormones which leads to => Low bone mass

Females: amenorrhea
Males: low testosterone

22
Q

Goal of eating-disorder treatment programs

A

Restore body weight
Improve social and emotional well-being
Normalize eating behaviors

23
Q

Physical activity recommendations

A

Minimum 60 min of moderate- to vigorous physical activity each day

Include minimum 3 d per week:
Vigorous-intensity activities
Muscle and bone strengthening activities

24
Q

Try day - Ontario Schools

A

Managed by: Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations (OFSAA)
- Ministry of Education provide grant up to $700 for school to up to 150 secondary schools
- Schools can try a new sport
- Education and implementation of sport
- Encourages sport, physical activity, and leadership among students