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Psychiatry > ADHD and Autism > Flashcards

ADHD and Autism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder?

A

Co-occurring cluster of impairing symptoms relating to self-regulation (‘executive function’)

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2
Q

What is the diagnostic triad for ADHD?

A

Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity

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3
Q

What are some symptoms of ADHD?

A 
Social communication difficulties 
Learning disability
Attachment difficulties 
Mood and anxiety problems 
Behavioral disorders (OCD/CD)
Substance use
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4
Q

How do you diagnose ADHD?

A

Difficult to diagnose- very subjective

History and examination

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5
Q

How is memory affected in ADHD?

A

Working memory in children with untreated ADHD resembles that of elderly with Alzheimer’s

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6
Q

How does ADHD progress?

A

Some will grow out of it

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7
Q

What is the first line treatment for ADHD?

A

Stimulants. Improve dopaminergic neurotransmission in networks involved in executive functioning

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8
Q

What are some examples of the first line treatment for ADHD?

A

Methylphenidate
Dexamfetamine
Lisdexamfetamine

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9
Q

What are some side effects of the first line treatment for ADHD?

A

Appetite and sleep reduction

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10
Q

What is the second line treatment for ADHD?

A

Atomoxetine

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11
Q

What are some third line treatment for ADHD?

A

Antidepressants
Antihypertensives
Antipsychotics

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12
Q

Is ADHD developmental or acquired?

A

Developmental therefore there at early age, not acquired, but becomes more prominent as age.

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13
Q

In what settings is ADHD present?

A

All settings. If only in one, eg school, think bullying or such like.

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14
Q

What emotional problem can ADHD often cause?

A

Low self esteem

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15
Q

What are some complications of ADHD in children?

A
  • Increased level of home stress and high expressed emotions
  • Emotional dysregulation leads to difficulties in peer relationships and reckless and dangerous behaviour
  • Poor problem solving ability leading to developmentally inappropriate decision making
  • Significant barrier to learning and potentially exclusion from education
  • Higher likelihood of antisocial behaviours
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16
Q

What are some complications of ADHD in adults?

A
  • Higher levels of criminality, antisocial behaviour
  • Higher level of substance misuse (self-medication?)
  • Significant impairments in occupational function that could easily be accommodated for if diagnosis known
17
Q

What are some perinatal risk factors for ADHD?

A
  • Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy
  • Foetal Alcohol Syndrome and use of other illicit substances
  • Significant prematurity and perinatal hypoxia
  • Unusually short or long labour, foetal distress, low forceps delivery and eclampsia
18
Q

What part of the brain does not work well in ADHD?

A

Frontal lobe

19
Q

What is the patho of ADHD?

A

Upreg of DA removal system therefore excessive reward seeking behaviour.
Serotonin also plays a role.

20
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in children?

A

6 or more symptoms of inattentiveness; and/or
6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness
Symptoms get in the way of life

21
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in adults?

A

5 or more of the symptoms of inattentiveness; and or
5 or more of hyperactivity and impulsiveness
Historical concerns since early age

22
Q

What areas of life should ADHD interfere with in an adult for diagnosis?

A

Underachieving at work or in education
Driving dangerously
Difficulty making or keeping friends
Difficulty in relationships with partners

23
Q

What kind of drugs are first line ADHD treatment?

A

Stimulants

24
Q

What kind of drugs are second line ADHD treatment?

A

SNRI

25
Q

What non-pharma managements are there of ADHD?

A

Social skill training

Behavioral strategies

26
Q

How does Methylphenidate work?

A

Blocks DA reuptake/transport

27
Q

How does Dexamphetamine work?

A

Blocks DA reuptake/transport

Increases extracellular norepinephrine andpossibly serotonin

Psychiatry (22 decks)

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