ADHD Flashcards
The effect of prenatal risk factors (as indicated by___) on the P(developing ADHD symptoms) is much greater for children who…
Birth weight. Have the high-risk COMT genotype
What are the 5 criteria for ADHD diagnosis according to the DSM?
A) 6m worth of exhibiting 6 symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity, B) some symptoms prior to 7y, C) symptoms in 2 or more settings, D) clinically significant impairment in social or scholastic functioning, E) symptoms not exclusive to another disorder
What % of school children suffer from ADHD?
3-5%
What are the 3 types of ADHD?
The inattentive type (all symptoms fall in the inattention category), combined type (mixture of categories = most research) or hyperactive type (all fall in the hyperactivity/ impulsivity category)
Methylphenidate is a drug used to treat ADHD by targeting___
Dopamine circuits
How do ADHD children perform on the go/no go task as a function of task difficulty? What does this show? How is this supported by neural evidence from the go/no go task?
Regardless of the number of go trials prior to the nogo trial, ADHD children make a greater % of errors on the nogo trial = a difficulty in inhibiting the prepotent response. Lower activity in control-related circuits e.g. PFC is recorded in ADHD children
What is the stop-signal task? What can be manipulated & how does this affect performance?
Asked to make a response e.g. clap on all trials except when image X e.g. a bomb is displayed after the go sign. The stop-signal delay = the time between the go signal & stop sign. The longer the SSD, the more difficult it is inhibit the response currently being prepared/ executed
How do ADHD children perform on the 2 measures taken on the stop-signal task?
1) a lower P(inhibition at each SSD) 2) a longer stop signal reaction time: time taken for the stop process to catch up with go process = for a fixed SSD, the go RT for which the P(inhibition) is 50% = the time after the go signal at which the stop process has just arrived = takes ADHD children longer to reach the 50% mark
To control for the SSD, the SSRT is calculated by…
Go RT for which P(inhibition) is 0.5 - mean SSD
What is the difference between what the go/no go & stop signal task measure?
The go/ no go task measures inhibition of a prepotent (e.g. frequent) response vs. the stop signal task measures inhibition of an already initiated response
How has the developmental nature of ADHD been ignored?
Children often shift ADHD types with age, yet few longitudinal studies have investigated the explanation of this in terms of EFs?
Are all EFs affected in ADHD?
No: WM, including the CE components, are affected, though spatial storage/CE is affected to a greater extent than verbal WM
Cognitive flexibility & shifting is not always affected
Is EF task performance always sensitive to ADHD? Is ADHD specific to EF deficits or are motivational deficits also present? Are EF deficits specific to ADHD?
No, not with all sufferers. Aversion to delaying reward is also detected in ADHD children & predicts ADHD symptoms independently of EF deficits. No, ASD sufferers exhibit EF deficits
Name a specific symptom of both ADHD & ASD. Which EF do ASD sufferers perform worse on than NCs & ADHD sufferes?
Longer SSRTs. Flexibility, as measured by the Wisconsin card selection task
What does and does not exist re: EF vs. ToM deficits in ASD sufferers?
ToM deficits without EF deficits exist
EF deficits without ToM deficits don’t exist
= EFs are primary in the link with ToM
