ADHD Flashcards
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development.
What is the prevalence of ADHD in children?
ADHD affects approximately 5-7% of school-aged children, with a higher prevalence in boys than girls.
What are the primary symptoms of ADHD?
The primary symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms must cause functional impairment and be present in at least two different settings (e.g., home, school).
What are the subtypes of ADHD?
ADHD has three subtypes: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation (both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity).
What is the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing ADHD?
The DSM-5 criteria for ADHD require at least six symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity to be present for at least 6 months, with onset before age 12, and cause impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
What are the most common causes of ADHD?
The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but genetic factors, prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, low birth weight, and lead exposure are associated with an increased risk.
What other conditions are often associated with ADHD?
ADHD is often comorbid with learning disabilities, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders.
How is ADHD diagnosed?
ADHD is diagnosed based on clinical assessment using behavioural checklists, parent and teacher reports, and ruling out other conditions. A comprehensive history, including symptoms, developmental milestones, and family history, is crucial.
How is ADHD managed?
Management includes behavioural interventions (e.g., parent training, classroom strategies), pharmacological treatments (stimulants like methylphenidate and non-stimulants like atomoxetine), and educational support.
What medications are used to treat ADHD?
Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly used. Non-stimulants like atomoxetine and guanfacine are alternatives, particularly in those who do not respond to stimulants.
What is the role of parent training in managing ADHD?
Parent training programs help improve parent-child interactions, reduce problematic behaviours, and teach strategies for managing symptoms at home and in social settings.
What is behavioural therapy’s role in managing ADHD?
Behavioural therapy focuses on reinforcing positive behaviours, setting clear expectations, and using rewards and consequences to improve self-control, attention, and social skills.
What are the long-term outcomes for individuals with ADHD?
With proper management, many individuals with ADHD can lead successful lives. However, untreated ADHD can lead to academic failure, relationship issues, low self-esteem, and an increased risk of substance abuse.
What are common coexisting conditions with ADHD?
Conditions like anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, oppositional defiant disorder, and sleep disturbances are commonly co-occurring with ADHD.
What is the impact of ADHD on adult life?
In adults, ADHD may affect work performance, relationships, and day-to-day activities. It can also contribute to other mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and substance misuse.
