ADHD Flashcards
Essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of _______- impulsivity that interferes with functioning and development
inattention and/or hyperactivity
ADHD is
1. often changing once in adulthood
2. more often diagnosed in adulthood
3. a chronic, lifelong condition
4. a neurodevelopmental disorder
5. 3+4
6. all of the above
5
____% of those diagnosed in childhood continue to have significant sx in adult life
50
what is the prevalence hap between M and F in ADHD
M higher, but gap is shrinking
F tend to have inattentive ADHD which is harder to catch
which of the following is false
1. 70% school aged children with ADHD have at least 2 other psychiatric condition
2. those with ADHD are more likely to have an intellectual disability
3. tends to come with anxiety and depression in adulthood
4. stimulants in adulthood are protective against substance use disorder
1- 1 other psyc condtiion
describe inattentive ADHD
wandering of task, lacking persistence, difficulty sustaining focus, and disorganization not due to defiance or lack of comprehension
describe hyperactive/ impulsivity in adhd
excess motor activity when it is not appropriate (excessive fidgeting, tapping, talkativeness)/ hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought + have high potential to harm that individual- desire for immediate rewards or inability to delay gratification
list the 3 types of ADHD
inattentive
hyperactive
combined
what are the 6 diagnostic criteria of ADHD
Meets 6 or more of sx criteria (if >17yrs old only req 5)
Present for last 6 mths
Sx interfere with functioning or development
Several sx present prior to 12yrs old
Sx present in 2 or more settings (home/ school)
Sx not explained by another mental disorder, and do not occur exclusively during the course of another psychotic disorder
how many points does one need from either the A1 or A2 category to get an inattentive or hyperactive ADHD diagnosis if they’re under 17? what if they’re older than 17?
6/9 on A1 or 6/9 on A2
5/9 if >17yrs old
what is typically the natural hx of ADHD
Hyperactivity predominant → inattention predominant → inattention and impulsivity predominant
describe mild ADHD
few, if any sx in excess of those required to make a dx are present +sx result in no more than minor impairment in social/ occupational function
describe moderate ADHD
ADHD that is not mild or severe, but in between
describe severe ADHD
many sx in excess fo those required for dx, or several that are severe, or the sx result in significant impairment in social/ occupational functioning
list the 3 categories of RF for ADHD
genetics
environment
temperament
what are 2 temperament descriptors for ADHD
reduced behavioral inhibition, novelty seeking
what are some environmental RF for ADHD
v low birth weight (but most do not develop ADHD), childhood trauma, neurological infections, EtOH/ substances during pregnancy, toxins (ex- lead)
describe genetic risks for ADHD
heritable, elevated risk for 1st degree relatives who have ADHD, no causal genes identified
describe the 2 points for pathophys of ADHD
altered brain anatomy
NT dysregulation
describe the NT dysregulation of ADHD
low tonic pool of DA and NE = not enough negative feedback to presynaptic neuron = neuron doesn’t know what to do if burst
when a burst happens = no negative feedback = DA/NE overwhelms the postsynaptic receptors = impaired attention and hyperactivity
how do stimulants help with NT dysregulation in ADHD
Stimulants reduce reuptake of DA/NE = higher baseline pool = ↑ negative feedback
when a burst happens = better able to control it as the burst amount and stimulus DA/NE amount are more similar, negative feedback not as overwhelmed
describe the altered brain anatomy in ADHD
impaired connectivity between frontal decision making parts of the brain and middle processing parts
what are the causal genes for ADHD
there are none
what are some nonpharm options for ADHD
psychoeducation
psychosocial interventions to promote success in different settings/ interactions
manualized interventions
exercise, sleep hygiene, diet
