Additional

Question 1

(Similarity) What are the experiments that Rips has done

Answer 1

The degree of variability and the bird-insect experiment
the kids and spleen experiment was done by Susan Carey

Question 2

(categorisation) how does the exemplar model predict and explain PEE

Answer 2

highly predict
explanation
since the prototype should be highly similar to the other category items > therefore when categorising the prototype = high similarity to the rest = highest categorisation rate

Question 3

(categorisation) what are the names of the four categorisation generalisation induction model

Answer 3

typicality of instances (specific > general), conclusion examples, category size, example variability

Question 4

(Learning) what are the two components that predict the efficiency of learning

Answer 4

learning rate and the reward prediction error

Question 5

(Learning) what is belief updating in learning (Bayes rule, two components and the key concepts)

Answer 5

bayes rule: update weights quickly based on balancing evidence
holmesian induction: only hypotheses that can explain the data are plausible explanations (explains the indirect screening off)
judicial exoneration: when a hypothesis can explain the data, other hypothses are considered less likely (backwards blocking)
Learning is through balancing the data and the belief
data = the experience in the nature
the stronger the belief = the more data is required to change his belief

Question 6

(Learning) What are the four blicket experiment

Answer 6

One-cause: 1 go > 2 don’t go > 1+2 go = 1 is blicket
Two-cause: 1 go > 2 don’t go > 2 go = 1+2 are blickets
backward blocking: 1+2 go > 1 go = 1 is the blicket
indirect screening off: 1+2 go (x2) > 2 don’t go = 1+2 are blickets

Question 7

(Inhibition of return) What is the formula of cueing effect

Answer 7

MRT(invalid) - MRT(valid)

Question 8

(visual search) what is a set size

Answer 8

the total number of items that have to be searched through for the target

Question 9

(automaticity) what are consistent and inconsistent mapping

Answer 9

consistent: the target and the distractors are distinct
varied: the target type can appear in the distractor set

Question 10

(Zoom lens Model) slightly explain what the zoom lens model is

Answer 10

zoom out when detecting where the target is (affected by other stimuli)
zoom in when identifying the direction of the target (not affected)
White et al., proposed narrowing the spotlight and identification of the stimulus happens simultaneously

Question 11

(Visual neglect) what are the three key terms for neglect

Answer 11

disengage, reorient, and failure to focus

Question 12

(Balint) definition

Answer 12

inability to focus on one object, and the inability to look at more than one object at a time (simultanagnosia), caused by ataxia

Question 13

(memory) what does the brown-peterson paradigm tell you?

Answer 13

around 20 secs almost no retrieval is available

Question 14

(memory) how did underwood interpret the brown-peterson paradigm

Answer 14

there is a huge variance in the data, which was related to the number of trials that the participants had
the first trial = almost showed no forgetting
therefore, concluded that the participants suffered from proactive interference (cannot recall in new conditions because of the interference from previous trials)

Question 15

(memory) power function supports the proposal of ____

Answer 15

the hybrid theory of consolidation and interference theory

Question 16

(memory) what does the temporal version of interference theory explain

Answer 16

interference and spacing effect

Question 17

(false memory) why are flashbulb memories unreliable compared to normal items

Answer 17

flashbulb memories are often recalled, which make the memories vulnerable to interference
but normal items that are mentioned in Diamond’s experiment = not recalled often, therefore not vulnerable to interference+

Question 18

(language) what is the main flaw of the word frequency theory

Answer 18

there are many potential explanations for the effect
on the top for search > lexical
associated with other > recall
similar > recognition
HF has other variables
length
concreteness
neighbouring size

Question 19

(language) what words incur lateral inhibition, and what is repeated iteration

Answer 19

all words, but the strength of the inhibition is proportional to their activation
repeated iteration = the multiple lateral inhibition on the letter and word layer > the word and the letters of the word have the strongest activation

Question 20

(tutorial) what is proactive facilitation

Answer 20

in AB-AC paradigm, if the first association is remembered, the later pair will have a higher recall rate

Question 21

(tutorial) when to remove recency effect (better recalling the items at the end of the list) during a recall task

Answer 21

inferring a break after the learning

Question 22

(language) almost no effect of ______ after the _______ is controlled

Answer 22

WF; CV