Addiction Model of Self-Regulation Failure

Question 1

Stigma

Answer 1

problem of moral control

has a biological origin

Question 2

Cost and scope of addiction

Answer 2

how much it harms our society
major negative impact
medical problems
drug crime

Question 3

Substance Dependence

Answer 3

-physical
-Modern short
definition of addiction (Koob version)- chronically relapsing disorder
that is characterized by a compulsion to seek and take drug or stimulus,
loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a negative emotional
state when access to the drug or stimulus is prevented.
-addiction

Question 4

dependence

Answer 4

-psychological
-The manifestation of a withdrawal syndrome; you can have abstinence
syndrome without addiction
-drug produces ‘a feeling of
satisfaction and a psychic drive that require periodic
or continuous administration of the drug to produce
pleasure or to avoid discomfort’

Question 5

Drug Abuse vs Drug Dependence

Answer 5

Usually drugs are abused first, and dependence comes later

Question 6

drug abuse

Answer 6

ICD-Harmful Use- A pattern of use that is damaging to overall health
DSM- Drug Abuse-Maladaptive pattern of substance use with significant adverse consequences related to repeated use

Question 7

DSM Dependence

Answer 7

Three or more symptoms occurring during the last
year
1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. The substance is often taken in large amounts or
over a longer period than was intended
4. Any unsuccessful effort or a persistent desire to cut
down or control substance use
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary
to obtain the substance or recover from its effects
DSM-IV
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational
activities given up or reduced because of substance
use
7. Continued substance use despite knowledge of
having had a persistent or recurrent physical or
psychological problem that is likely to be caused or
exacerbated by the substance

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

Process by which an event increases the

probability of a given response

Question 9

Positive reinforcement

Answer 9

PRESENTATION of an event

increases the probability of a response/behavior

Question 10

Negative reinforcement

Answer 10

TERMINATION of an event

increases the probability of a response/behavior

Question 11

Determinants of Drug Reinforcement Efficacy

Answer 11

1. Route of Administration
   - Oral, Inhaled, Intravenous
2. Dose
3. Schedule of Reinforcement
4. History of the Organism
   - sensitization
   - tolerance

Question 12

Sensitization

Answer 12

drug effects are enhanced with repeated drug use (i.e., punding/stereotypy
behaviors, paranoia)

Question 13

Tolerance

Answer 13

drug may have reduced effects due to tolerance with repeated drug use (i.e.,
high is not achieved with same amount, BALs are lower due to metabolic tolerance)

Question 14

Conditioned Reinforcement

Answer 14

Positive

1. resistance to extinction
2. blockade of withdrawal
3. relapse

Negative

1. conditioned withdrawl
2. motivational state
3. relapse

Question 15

Conditioned Positive Reinforcement

Answer 15

Drug Cues are part of the drug taking ritual … “triggers”:
Paraphernalia - syringes, needles, pipes, matches
People - dealers, friends
Music - certain songs or words in songs
Places - bars, clubs, sports events

Question 16

Conditioned Negative Reinforcement

Answer 16

(1) Conditioned Withdrawal
-Drug cues can elicit withdrawal signs (when at the subway stop
where they obtained opioids, former opioid dependent
individuals began to sweat and feel withdrawal)
(2) Motivated State
-The cues remind them that drug taking alleviates painful or
aversive events
(3) Relapse
-The negative feelings that the cues bring on can lead to drugseeking

Question 17

Impulsive Stage

Answer 17

Binge intoxication–> Pleasurable effects–> Abstinence/Neutral effect–> Reward craving

Question 18

Compulsive Stage

Answer 18

Prolonged intoxication–> Relief–> Protracted abstinence/Negative effect–>Relief craving

Question 19

Impulse Control Disorders

Answer 19

tension/arousal–> impulsive acts–> pleasure/relief/gratification–> regret/guilt/self-reproach

Question 20

Compulsive Disorders

Answer 20

anxiety/stress–> repetitive behaviors–> relief of anxiety/stress–>obsessions

Question 21

Preoccupation/Anticipation

Answer 21

A lot of time is spent procuring drugs

Continued use despite negative consequences

Question 22

Binge/Intoxication

Answer 22

Take more than intended

Decreased social and occupational functioning

Question 23

Withdrawl/Negative Affect

Answer 23

Tolerance

Withdrawl