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UvA Neurobiology - Cognitive Neurbiology > Addiction and relapse > Flashcards

Addiction and relapse Flashcards

Teacher: Marchant

1
Q

What does drugs do?

A

It modifies brain activity through specific pharmacological compoundsv

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2
Q

What is an addiction?

A

A chronic, relapsing brain disease

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3
Q

What is the clinical term for addiction?

A

Substance use disorder (SUD)

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4
Q

In which to categories can you class a diagnosis?

A

Pharmacological related
Psychology related

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5
Q

How is severity of SUD classed?

A

In gradations instead of binary

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6
Q

What are the individual risk factors for addiction?

A
  • Each brain is different = different perception
  • GWAS show that genes are part of it: alcohol/nicotine/opioid use disorder genes
  • Co-morbidity; addiction comes alone –> psychological disorders, personality traits, learning disabilities
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7
Q

What are environmental factors for addiction?

A
  • Family environment
  • Peer influence
  • Socioeconomic factors
  • Access and availability (to drugs)
  • Stress exposure and coping mechanism
  • Cultural attitudes (social acceptance,norms,traditions)
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8
Q

What are drug-specific factors for addiction?

A
  • ‘Risk’ of addiction of the drugs –> not the same for every drug
  • Method of administration
  • Frequency & intensity of use
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9
Q

What are gene-evironmental interactions that could create addiction?

A

Multiple risk factors combining –> having family history(genes) + high level stress environment + traumatic life experiences

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10
Q

What are protective factors for addiction?

A
  • Strong social support
  • Good coping skills (manage triggers)
  • Access to healthcare (education and awareness)
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11
Q

Which neuromodulator pathway is involved in drug use?

A

The dopamine pathways for reward

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12
Q

What can be seen in cocaine and heroin reward when there is a lesion in the dopamine system? And what does this mean?

A

It decreases cocaine reward but not heroin reward.
- Also in absence in dopamine there is still reward

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13
Q

What is the role of dopamine in reward?

A
  • It has a role in learning, motivation and pursuit but really for reward
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14
Q

What is beside dopamine also involved in reward neurobiology? And where in the brain do they come from?

A
  • Endogenous opioids from the VTA, Nucleus Accumbens, Amygdala
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15
Q

What short-term/immediate effects can be seen after taking in drugs?

A
  • Sudden flood of neurotransmitters
  • Increased heart rate & blood pressure
  • Impaired judgement & coordination
  • Altered time perception
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16
Q

What changes can be seen in the brain in drug use?

A
  • Reduced D2-receptor availability (D2 = dopamine inhibiting factor)
  • Reduction in cortical thickness
  • Long-term morphine-induced changes in dendritic morphology of neurons in the reward system
  • Changes in spine density in prefrontal areas (number of spines & branching patterns)
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17
Q

Neurobiological theories on addiction:
What is the opponent-process theory?

A

Transition from positve reinforcement (drug reward) to negative reinforcement (drug alleviating negative emotions)

18
Q

Neurobiological theories on addiction:
What is the incentive-sensitization theory?

A

Excessive ‘incensive salience’ to drug and drug-associated stimuli

19
Q

Neurobiological theories on addiction:
What is the aberrant learning theory?

A

Repeated drug use reinforces drug-related stimuli and actions to pathological levels (excessive dopamine = excessive learning)

20
Q

Neurobiological theories on addiction:
What is the habit theory?

A

Progressive development and dominance of drug habits over goal-directed control

21
Q

What are the 3 elements of the addiction cycle?

A
  • Binge/intoxication
  • Withdrawal/negative affect
  • Preoccupation/anticipation

–> cycle become stronger over time

22
Q

What is involved in Binge/intoxication?

A

Rewarding effects of most drugs: basal ganglia,VTA, naturally occurring opioids
–> habit formation via dordal striatum
- Explaines what triggers cravings and use
- Positive reinforcement

consuming an intoxicating substance and experiences its rewarding/pleasurable effects

23
Q

What is involved in withdrawal/negative affect?

A
  • Decrease in function of the brain reward system –> increase in the anti-reward system
  • Activation of stress neurotransmitters in the extended amygdala
  • Negative reinforcement

experiencing a negative emoitonal state in the absence of the substance

24
Q

What is involved in preoccupation/anticipation?

A
  • Disruption of executive function caused by a compromised prefrontal cortex (decision-making, impulsivity, craving)
  • Glutamate is increased, driving ‘substance use’ habits, and disrupts how dopamine influences the frontal cortex

Seeking substances again after a period of abstinence

25
Q

What is another term for loss of control in addiction?

A

The Breaking Brake System

26
Q

What does preclinical research enable us to do?

A
  • Study brain mechanisms in detail
  • Test new treatment strategies
  • Identify risk factors
  • Understand addiction development
  • Develop prevention strategies
27
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning process in which voluntary behavior is modified by association with the addition of reward or aversive stimuli

28
Q

What is the definition of relapse?

A

Resumption of drug use after a period of abstinence –> craving

29
Q

What are common triggers for relapse?

A
  • Cues (induce cravings)
  • Drug priming (lapse causes relapse)
  • Stress
30
Q

What is a methodological approach to research what brain regions are active during specific behaviors?

A
  • Behavior-related cFos: looks at fos expression (lot of Glu = lot of Fos expression)
  • Calcium imaging
31
Q

What are neuronal ensembles?

A

Small subset of selectivly activated neurons that encode the learned associations

32
Q

Brain activity in which brain structure is correlated with relapse?

A

Insula

33
Q

What is GECI?

A

Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator

34
Q

Why is GECI used?

A
  • It targets specific populations
  • Can be used within session changes in bulk neuronal activity
35
Q

Why is calcium used to detect neuronal activities?

A

Ca2+ is most attractive ion target:
- Ca2+ influx is the first step in neuronal activation
- Intracell. concentrations rises transiently during electrical activity

Voltage:
- Detailed temporal signal
- Electrophysiology records voltage –> true measure for APs

36
Q

In the fiber photometry study with rats in the anterior insula, what was found during self-administration?

A

Anterior Insula activity highest in response to nicotine infusion

37
Q

In the fiber photometry study with rats in the anterior insula, what was found during punishment?

A

Anterior Insula activity related to highest after response-contingent shock punishment

38
Q

In the fiber photometry study with rats in the anterior insula, what was found during relapse?

A

Only significant difference between the outcomes was prior to an active nose-poke compared to inactive nose-poke

39
Q

What is DREADD?

A

Proteins manipulated to react specifically with small molecules which act as chemical actuators, but which were not previously recognized by these proteins

40
Q

What are the required attributes of a DREADD?

A
  • No endogenous ligand
  • Free of basal activity
  • Exclusively and potently activated by an otherwise pharmacologically inert compound
41
Q

What could targeted interventions of anterior insula possibly do?

A

Decrease cue or environment triggered relapse in humans

42
Q

For what is alC activity necessary?

A

For context-induced relapse after both punishment and extiniction

UvA Neurobiology - Cognitive Neurbiology (15 decks)

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