Addiction Flashcards
Abuse?
- Impaired control,
- physical dependence,
- social problems,
- risky use
Dependence?
Changes in body as it adapts to use/behavior.
Mood Modification?
Subject of addiction alters subjective experience…
–> increases pleasure
–> reduces pain
Salience?
Subject of addiction is the most important thing in a person’s life;
cravings induced.
Tolerance?
An increase in dose is needed for same effect.
–> Homeostasis shifts occur by use, but body adapts, creating new baseline (allostatic point).
Withdrawal?
(think also ==> cognitive + physical effects)
When abstinence leads to…
–> unpleasant mood,
–> physical symptoms
Compulsive Use?
Continued use despite negative consequences.
Relapse?
Return to use after period of abstinence.
Craving?
Urge to use.
Drug Cue?
Trigger by associations to drug.
Risk Factors?
- Coping
- Comorbidity
- Genetic Predisposition
Personality Predisposition?
Factor:
- Degree of impulsivity.
Affective Forecasting?
Prediction of how one might feel after behavior.
Psychological Theories of Drug Addiction?
Think –> affective (- rein.), opponent (increased neg.), incentive (wan
- Affective Model of Negative Reinforcement
(- reinforcent) - Opponent Process Theory
(chronic drug use activates secondary, negative process,
–> counteracting drug’s pleasurable effects) - Incentive Sensitization Theory
(‘wanting’ may grow over time independently of ‘liking’)
–> increase desire from cue over time
Incentive Sensitization Theory?
Reasons that ‘wanting’ may grow over time independently from ‘liking’.
Pathological incentive (naturally occuring positive reinforcement after use) salience drives drug use in addiction.
Opponent Process Theory?
Chronic drug use activates a secondary, negative process that counteracts the drug’s pleasurable effects
Affective Model of Negative Reinforcement?
Addiction is driven by use discountinuing effects of withdrawal.
^ Desire to escape / avoid withdrawal.
Addiction Process (Behavioral Model)?
Initial use:
(+) reinforcement
Perpetual use:
(-) reinforcement
Mesolimbic Dopamine System?
Pathway activated through
- drug priming
- drug cues (conditioned stimuli)
–> Results in desire for drug use or additional drugs through dopamine release + conditioning.
Cocaine?
[agonist]
[dopamine]
Caffeine?
[antagonist]
[adenosine]
Alcohol?
DEPRESSANT
[agonist]
[GABA + opioid]
Amphetamine?
[agonist; nonselective indirect]
[monoamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin]
Opioids?
[agonist]
[opioid]
Nicotine?
[agonist]
[nicotinic aceytlcholine]
Environmental Factors for Addiction?
Exposure / Access
Genetic Factors for Addiction?
- Heritability
- Possess genes associated with higher liklihood of engaging in addictive behaviors.
Psychological Factors for Addiction?
(think –> not thinking + doing wrong thing)
- Ineffective coping
- Impulsivity (lack of planning + regard for effects)
Addictions ~ Behavioral (“use” is more complex and not just drug)?
- Exercise
- Gambling
- Internet use
