Addiction

Question 1

define substance abuse

Answer 1

a maladaptive pattern of use of a drug, alcohol or other chemical agent indicated by continused use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem. this pattern is caused or exacerbated by the use of the drug in situations in which it is physically hazardous

Question 2

define dependance

Answer 2

is a cluster of physiological, behavioural and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance or a class of substances takes on a much higher priority than other behaviours that once had greater value. a central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the strong desire to take psychoactive drugs

Question 3

define addiction

Answer 3

is a chronic disease characterised by drug seeking and use that is compulsive or difficult to control,despite harmful consequeces. the initial decsion to take drugs is voluntray for most people, but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that challenge an addicted persons self-control and interfere with their ability to resust intense urges to take drugs

Question 4

what does the reward system give motivation to do?

Answer 4

feeding, drinking and sexual coupling

Question 5

what other substances activate the reward system?

Answer 5

alcohol and other substances of abuse

Question 6

what system underlies the actions of drugs such as morphine, heroin, cocaine and alcohol?

Answer 6

the brain reward system

Question 7

what abused substances can lower brain-stimulation reward thresholds?

Answer 7

psychostimulants
opioids narxotics
general CNS depressants
mixed class agents with some psychedelic properties

Question 8

what are the sites that produece the most vigerous ICSS responding?

Answer 8

lateral hypothalamus
medial forbrain bundel
substantia nigra
ventral tegmental area

Question 9

where in the brain has the highest conc of DA neurons?

Answer 9

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Question 10

what increases the release of DA?

Answer 10

stimulation of SN and VTA

Question 11

What pathways makes up the dopaminergic system?

Answer 11

mesolimbic pathway
nigrostriatal
mesocortical
tuberoinfundibular

Question 12

what does the mesolimbic pathway do?

Answer 12

VTA to NAcc, the amygdala, the hippocampus and the mPFC

Question 13

what does the nigrostriatal pathway involve?

Answer 13

substantia nigra with the striatum

Question 14

what does the mesocortical pathway involve?

Answer 14

VTA to cingulate and frontal lobes

Question 15

what does the tuberoinfundiubular pathway involve?

Answer 15

arcurate nucleus of the mediobasal hypothalamus to the infunbular region.

Question 16

what is the brain reward circuit?

Answer 16

consist of interconnected nuclei that have been shown to be involved in the processing of drug reinforcement

Question 17

what does the VTA do?

Answer 17

respond to stimuli and cues that indicate presence of a reward
release DA signals to the na either directly or indirectly

Question 18

what does the NAcc do?

Answer 18

important part of the ventral striatum

sends projections to basal ganglia and VP

Question 19

what does the ventral palladum do?

Answer 19

located in the basal ganglia

recieved dopaminergic imputs from the VTA

Question 20

what does the orbitofrontal cortex do?

Answer 20

implicated in executive function

involved in complusive drug seeking ad relapse

Question 21

what does the anterior cingulate gyrus do?

Answer 21

serves as a central hb in addiction related neural networks of cognitive function

Question 22

how does physical dependence occur?

Answer 22

neurons adapt to the repeated drug exposure

Question 23

what are some non-addiive drugs that can also produce dependence?

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

what are some non-addictive drugs that can also produce withdrawl symptoms?

Answer 24

b3-adrenergic antagonists,clonidinne and tcas

Question 25

what does psychological dependence refer to?

Answer 25

strong compulsion or desire to experience the effects of a drug
produces pleasures or reduces pyschic discomfort

Question 26

define drug abuse

Answer 26

refers to a person that uses a drug in doses or ways that result in adverse consequences

Question 27

define addiction

Answer 27

refers to the state in which both physical and psychological dependence is present

Question 28

define withdrawl

Answer 28

psychological and physiological reactions to abrupt cessation of a drug that produce dependence

Question 29

define rebound

Answer 29

is the emergence or reemergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued or reduced in dosage. the symptoms come back in an exaggerated fashion

Question 30

define relapse

Answer 30

refers to the recurrence of the origional condition from which the patient suffered upon discontinuation of an effective medical treatment

Question 31

what is tolerance?

Answer 31

state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug

Question 32

what are the mechanisms of tolerance

Answer 32

pharmacokinetic/metabolic
pharmacodynamic or functional
behavioural tolerance