Adaptive Regulation to macros

Question 1

The primary stimulator of insulin secretion is __________ which causes insulin to bind to _________________ to induce phosphorylation

Answer 1

High blood glucose, insulin receptor

Question 2

Acute regulation occurs Via enzymatic activities such as __________________, inhibition of products, _________ regulation, and _______________.

Answer 2

action of substrates
allosteric
phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

Question 3

___________________ is when insulin, glucagon and epinephrine phosphorylate target enzymes to activate kinases

Answer 3

receptor mediated hormone signaling

Question 4

AKT is a ___________ that activates ________________, PDE and ___________________

Answer 4

Kinase, MTOR and AS160

Question 5

Through gene transcription, MTOR regulates __________________. Activity is _______________ during high blood glucose

Answer 5

cell production and differentiation

Increased

Question 6

When PDE is phosphorylated during periods of high blood glucose, it catabolizes cAMP for….

Answer 6

Glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake regulation in muscle and adipose

Question 7

During acute energy needs, the hormone_________ activates PKA (a kinase used to mobilized stored energy). PP-P increases _________________ in the liver and _____________ from adipose to provide short term energy

Answer 7

Epinephrine
Glycogeololysis
Hormone sensitive lipase (FA breakdown)

Question 8

AMP kinase phosphorylates MTOR and TBC to _____________
and ______________ during times of low energy needs

Answer 8

Decrease protein synthesis and increase translocation of GLUT 4

Question 9

Adaptive regulation is primarily achieved through _________ induction and repression

Answer 9

transcriptional. This happens during long term cases such as chronic starvation.

Question 10

______________________ attached to the promoter of DNA only with the help of transcription factors. They activate, repress, prevent or encourage binding to ultimately determine the amount of genes transcribed and thus expressed.

Answer 10

RNA polymerase.

Question 11

The key regulatory enzyme of gluconeogenesis is ___________________. Adapted only by transcriptional regulation

Answer 11

PEPCK

Question 12

PEPCK has ________ induction during acute low BG but ________ with glucocorticoids.

Answer 12

weak, high.

Question 13

_________is the hormone that overrides PEPCK transcription

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

Blood glucose homeostasis performed by _________ and muscle glycogen is reserved for _____________

Answer 14

Liver, maximum contraction like sprinting

Question 15

The excessive amino acids from protein get ______________________ and serves as last effort reserve during starvation

Answer 15

oxidized or converted to glucose or fatty acids

Question 16

Excessive carb overloading results in transcriptional adaption so that ____________ occurs by adipose tissue

Answer 16

Lipogenesis

Question 17

Lipogenesis by adipose tissue is regulated by ___________ which is a gene in the liver that is expressed by insulin to promote glycolysis as well

Answer 17

SREBP 1c

Question 18

Insulin regulates SREBP1c by degrading the ___________________ to allow the precursor protein _____________ to move from the _________ to the ___________ as an activator

Answer 18

anchoring protein (Insig 2a)
SREBP1c
ER
nucleus

Question 19

CREBP is the transcription factor activated by ________ and ______________. It induces liver PKA and lipogenic genes sucg as Acetyl Coa carboxylase and FA synthase

Answer 19

Insulin and high BG

Question 20

A high fat diet is ________________ than the energy cost of a high carb diet because of the lipogenesis process vs glycolysis –> lipogenesis

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

IT takes about 4 weeks to adapt to keto diet given that _________ levels rise when a low carb diet is initially consumed. Overtime, the ___________________ level drops from blood and urine as muscle and kidneys adapt

Answer 21

Ketone bodies. Initial lack of adaptation results in ketoacidosis

Question 22

During keto ____________________________ from fatty acids occurs as adaptation. The switch to ketones and long chain fatty acids from glucose as a fuel source

Answer 22

continuous gluconeogenesis

Question 23

The allosteric binding of ______________ induces genes for fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscle occurs. The binding of PPRE allows genes for ketone body production to go through transcription.

Answer 23

PPAR (a transcription factor)

Question 24

___________ is the master regulator of triglyceride hydrolysis, G3P synthesis and triglyceride storage.____________ allows amino acids to get G3P to become precursors for gluconeogenesis

Answer 24

PPARy, PEPCK

Question 25

During a high protein diet, the secretion of insulin and glucagon induce genes for conversion of ___________ to _________________ in liver and adipose

Answer 25

Acetyl coa to fatty acids

Question 26

high intake of amino acids results in both _____ and _______ secretion. Lipogenesis via SREBP and gluconeogenesis in liver via CREB and PEPCK occur to utilize high AA

Answer 26

insulin
glucagon

Question 27

When insulin increases from high AA, pepck and G6pase still activate gluconeogenesis in liver because insulin impacts the _________ of transcription binding

Answer 27

frequency