Adaption to negative Energy balance Flashcards
________ ________ increase glucagon and decrease ________ during starvation
Pancreatic islets
insulin
Within the liver, ____________ activates CREB and the transcription factor _______ as a result of decreased insulin. This gene and transcription factor induce g6Pase and PEPCK which are ____________ genes
Glucagon
FOXO1
gluconeogenic
A reduction of insulin leads to reduced phosphorylation __________ which is the master regulator of protein synthesis. Amino acids from skeletal muscle serve as substrate for gluconeogenesis
MTOR
During starvation in adipose tissue, low insulin means higher levels of CAMP which leads to increased __________. HSL and fatty acid release
Basal lipolysis
During starvation in in liver, long chain fatty acids bind and acitvate _________ which increases fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in liver (not skeletal muscle)
PPARa
During starvation, genes for fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in skeletal muscle are induced by ___________
PPARy
Epinephrine stimulates adaptation for acute needs but ________ occur during chronic starvation
glucocorticoids
During starvation, energy source switches from _________ to _________
Glucose
Fatty acids
To minimize loss of protein, water and electrolytes during starvation, ____________ is down regulated to reduce glucose needs and secretes ________ instead of urea in urine
protein synthesis
ammonia
Primary changes in hormones that regulate macro metabolism include increase in _____ and decrease in __________
glucagon
insulin
_________________ increase gluconeogenesis via strong induction of pepck and ___________ degradation
glucocorticoids
protein
_____________ surges during in starvation to maintain blood glucose
growth hormone
________ is the hunger hormone that is essential to stimulate GH secretion to maintain blood glucose. Looked to inhibit for obese individuals but complete supression leads to deathly hypoglycemia due to lack of GH secretion
Ghrelin
PPARa induces ________ which blocks GH-IGF1 which is a stimulant for protein synthesis
FGF21
________ reduces appetite, secreted from adipocytes. It sends signals to other organs that sufficient energy is stored in adipose. Dosage and effectiveness stops when saturation occurs
Leptin
Sufficient leptin means there is energy for other activities such as growth and __________. Therefore, leptin levels tend to be _______ in obese individuals
Reproduction
Elevated
During starvation, induction of gluconeogenesis in liver occurs via transcription factors _____________(3) which are stimulated by glucagon and glucocorticoids which induce the target gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6PASE
FOXO1
cREB
GR (glucocorticoid receptor)
Protein breakdown in skeletal muscle increases by _____________ as protein degradation provides amino acids for gluconeogenesis
glucocorticoids
_______________ and _____________ occurs during starvation when long chain fatty acids released from adipose activate PPARa. In skeletal muscle, ______ induces these processes
Ketogenesis and B-oxidation
PPARy
To avoid adverse health effects of prolonged negative energy balance, supply all nutrients except energy to induce ______ ________ of energy from ___________ in adipose tissue to reduce fat mass
efficient mobilization
triglycerides
Starvation VS weight loss: ___________ for gluconeogenesis
provision of amino acids
Starvation: skeletal muscle, protein degradation
Weight loss: supplied in diet
Health outcomes of VLCD include (3)
cardiac arrhythmia (mineral depletion)
cardiac muscle atrophy
Hypokalemia
cardiac arrhythmia developed by collagen based diet led to
1.) _________ nitrogen
2.) _________ potassium and sodium
3.) _______ magnesium
4.) ____________ calcium
5.) ____________ phosph
1.) unbalanced nitrogen, muscle loss
2.) balanced K and Na
3.) depleted mg; cell volume decreasing
4.) neutral balance as bone density depleted
5.) depleted phosph as it’s extracted from bone as calcium phosp but rest is excreted
protein ___________ is just as imperative to sufficient amounts
quality
Increased protein in VLCD primarily prevented __________
negative nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance was better achieved by those with high protein supplementation because _________
energy was so low high protein prevented muscle degradation that occurs when AAs are needed during gluconeogenesis
Regular deficit calorie diet with 1.25 g/kg protein supplementation resulted in weight loss, increased fat mass loss and less lean body mass lost
Protein prevented current lean body mass from being lost by supplying AAs to encourage use of FA utilization for energy rather than AA
Once body adapts to negative energy balance and FAs from triglycerides are used to as primary energy source, ________ decreases
hunger/food cravings
VLCD and sufficient protein resulted in ___________ ____________ supporting the idea that you need to fuel properly for physical exercise. VLCD with excess protein resulted in __________ _______________ showing that muscle preservation can occur during weight loss
decrease VO2 max
VO2 max preservation
Short term alternate day/intermittent fasting resulted in ___________ hunger because __________ to weight loss never occurs
increased
adaptation
Long term alternate fasting and intermittent resulted in no significant difference in ___________ but high rates of drop out and ____________
weight loss
hunger
Difference between IF and TRE
IF; consumption decreases for 2 days
TRE; restricted eating window within the same day
