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Infection 2023 > Adaptive immunity part 2 > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do APC migrate to to present pathogen to T cells?

A

Parafollicular cortex in lymph tissue

there are lots of T cells here

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2
Q

Where do B cells communicate with T helper cells to mature?

A

Edge of follicle

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3
Q

Where do you find most Naive B cells?

A

Lymphoid follicle (B cell zone)

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4
Q

What do CD4 cells become?

A

T helper cells (recognise MHC class 2)

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5
Q

What do CD8 cells become?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (recognise MHC class 1)

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6
Q

Where are B and T lymphocytes produced and mature?

A

Produced in bone marrow

T cells mature in thymus
B cells mature after contact with antigen

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7
Q

Where are B and T cells found?

A

Blood (70% T of T cells, 5-15% of B cells)

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8
Q

Where do T and B cells accumulate?

A

Lymphoid tissue

mucosa associated lymph MALT, lymph nodes, spleen

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9
Q

When does lymphadenopathy occur?

A

Swelling from activation of B and T cells by antigen

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10
Q

Where are common lymph nodes that you can notice enlargement found?

A

Neck (cervical)
Armpit (axillary)
Groin (inguinal)

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11
Q

What receptors do T cells possess to recognise antigen?

A

T cell receptor (TCR)

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12
Q

Parts of TCR

A

alpha and beta subunit
CD3 complex
either CD4 OR CD8 accessory molecule

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13
Q

2 regions of TCR

A

Variable and constant

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14
Q

What allows for diversity of antigen receptors?

A

Combinatorial diversity (random combinations of the genes to form antigen receptor)

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15
Q

What does activation of T lymphocytes require?

A

Co-stimulation (2 signals are needed)

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16
Q

T signals required in activation of T lymphocytes

A

Signal 1: MHC class 1/2 binding to TCR

Signal 2: B7 protein on APC binding to CD28 on T cell

Signal 3: cytokines

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17
Q

What occurs when APC cells are matured?

A

Express B7 protein that CD28 on T cell can bind to

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18
Q

T helper cells involved in cell mediated immunity (intracellular pathogens)

A

TH1 (T helper cell 1)

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19
Q

T helper cells involved with Humoral immunity (against extracellular pathogens eg parasites/worms)

A

TH2 and TH17

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20
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Defence against extracellular pathogens

21
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Defence against intracellular pathogens

22
Q

Other T helper cell required

A

T regulator (tolerance and immune suppression)

23
Q

Cells involved in TH2 and TH17 pathway

A

TH2: B cells (IgE and IgG), Eosinophils, Mast cells
TH17: Neutrophils

24
Q

Cells involved in TH1 pathway

A

CD8 T cells differentiate
Macrophages
B cells (IgG and IgA)

25
Q

Effector functions of CD8 T cells

A

Need TH1 and cytokines to activate into cytotoxic T cells

26
Q

What does cytotoxic T cell do?

A

Kill all infected cells expressing the viral peptides that MHC class 1 present

27
Q

What else can naive CD8 cells become?

A

Memory CD8 cells

28
Q

How are antigens recognised by B cells?

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

29
Q

what is BCR?

A

Membrane bound antibody

Unique specificity for each cell

30
Q

Regions of BCR

A

Variable region

Constant region

31
Q

How are antigen receptors diverse?

A

Combinatorial diversity (random combo of genes)

32
Q

What antigens are recognised by B cells?

A

Macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

and Small chemicals

33
Q

What do T cell recognise?

A

Only peptides presented by either MHC class 2 (CD4) or MHC class 1 (CD8)

34
Q

Signals required to activated B cell

A

Signal 1: BCR engagement
Signal 2: TCR engagement
Signal 3: Cytokines, CD40 activation

35
Q

BCR engagament signal 1

A

Antigen processing and presentation

Increased B7 costimulators

36
Q

TCR engagement signal 2

A

Antigen specific

B7 co-stimulation

37
Q

What occurs after activation of B cell?

A

Antibody production
Affinity maturation in antibody (stronger)
Memory B cells

38
Q

IgM

A

First antibody produced

T helper cell independent

39
Q

IgG, IgA, IgE

A

T helper cell dependent

Isotope (heavy chain switch) switch from IgM

40
Q

Memory B cell significance

A

Upon re challenge give faster, stronger and longer antibody response

41
Q

Regions of antibody

A 
Top arms: Fab region
Bottom leg: Fc region
Inner top arms: light chain
Outer top arms: heavy chain
Ends of top arms: Antigen binding region
Area connecting arms and leg: Hinge region
42
Q

What does heavy chain determine?

A

Isotope of antibody (IgG/IgM)

43
Q

What do antbody isotopes switch between?

A

Originally IgM

Then IgG, IgA or IgE (thymus dependent)

44
Q

What happens to antibody response if body is exposed to antigen for a second time?

A 
Faster
Stronger
Longer duration
Higher affinity 
Isotope switch (IgM to IgG)
45
Q

IgG functions

A

Fc dependent phagocytosis
Complement activation
Neonatal immunity
Toxin/virus neutralisation

46
Q

IgE functions

A

Immunity against helminths

Mast cell degranulation (allergies)

47
Q

IgA function

A

Mucosal immunity

48
Q

IgM function

A

Complement activation

49
Q

Medical achievements from adaptive immune response

A 
Disease prevention (vaccination)
Immunoglobulin therapies (for immune deficiency)
Immediate protection (transfer antibodies)
Diagnostic tests (Infectious diseases, autoimmune, HLA and blood types)

Infection 2023 (29 decks)

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