11 - HIV Flashcards
What are some severe signs of HIV?
- Oral candidiasis
- Kaposi’s sarcoma (HPV8)
- PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia fungal)
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/035/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551290370)
In terms of the infection model what are the possible outcomes for patients with HIV?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/037/a_image_thumb.png?1551290439)
Who are at most risk of acquiring HIV and what parts of England have acquired the highest?
- East of England
- North East
- Midlands
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/038/a_image_thumb.png?1551290478)
What are the key features of viral structure and behaviour?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/040/a_image_thumb.png?1551290562)
What is HIV?
- Retrovirus which infects cells with CD4+ surface receptor (T-helper cells, monocytes / macrophages)
- Replicates inside cells, destroys the cell, causes inflammation and spreads to / infects more cells
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/041/a_image_thumb.png?1551290670)
What is a retrovirus?
Backwards
e.g goes in HIV goes from ssRNA to DNA back to ssRNA
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/048/a_image_thumb.png?1551290722)
How does HIV replicate?
⇒ Virus binds to a CD4+ on cell surface & fuses with cell
⇒ Virus penetrates & empties contents into cell (infection)
⇒ Viral ssRNA → dsDNA by reverse transcriptase
⇒ Viral DNA is integrated into host’s DNA by integrase
⇒ Viral DNA is transcripted during infected cell division
⇒ Viral protein chains assemble & bud out of cell (immature – breaks free)
⇒ Virus matures as protein chains are cut by protease
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/050/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551290793)
How is HIV transmitted?
Transmission through contact of infected bodily fluids with mucosal tissue / blood / broken skin
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/052/a_image_thumb.png?1551290969)
What are the different phases of HIV infection in terms of viral load and CD4+ count?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/054/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551291077)
What are the different stages of HIV and what defines each stage?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/058/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551291117)
Why is a HIV diagnosis often missed early on?
Symptoms are similar to glandular fever
What are the main symptoms of Acute HIV infection, with regards to the following areas:
- Systemic
- Lymph nodes
- Skin
- Gastric
- Muscle
- Mouth
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/061/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551291196)
Identify and describe some aids-defining illnesses
- TB – coughing, fatigue, weight loss
- PCP – high fever, cough, difficulty breathing
- Cryptococcal disease – pneumonia, brain swelling, skin infections and UTI
- CMV – difficulty with vision, pneumonia and gastroenteritis
- Cryptosporidiosis – severe diarrhoea, abdominal cramps
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/062/a_image_thumb.jpg?1551291277)
What factors affect HIV transmission?
- Type of exposure – type of sexual act, transfusion / needlestick / mucous membrane
- Viral level in blood
- Condom use
- Breaks in skin/mucosa – other STI / sexual assault
What are 4 factors which enable people with HIV to live healthy lives and what is the average life expectancy for someone with HIV?
- Early detection
- Treatment
- Adherence
- Healthy living
- 78 years (earlier diagnosis the better)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/420/101/067/a_image_thumb.png?1551291411)