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Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Where are T cells made and matured?

A

Made in bone marrow matured in thymus

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2
Q

What allows for antigen-T cell recognition?

A

T cell receptor - these are diverse

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3
Q

What is a naive T cell

A

Not activated yet by APC

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4
Q

3 features of APCs?

A

Strategic location - lymphoid tissue, skin, MALT, lymph nodes
Pathogen Capture - phagocytosis/macropinocytosis
Diversity in pathogen sensors (PRRs) - bacteria/virus

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5
Q

What is the location of B cells

A

Lymphoid tissues

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6
Q

Name 4 types of APC

A

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
B cells
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells of skin)

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7
Q

What 3 places can you find dendritic cells

A

Lymphoid tissue
Blood
Mucus membranes

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8
Q

Where would you find langerhans cells?

A

Skin

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9
Q

Where would you find macrophages?

A

Everywhere

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10
Q

Where would you find B cells?

A

Lymphoid tissues

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11
Q

Which APCs present to naive T cells

A

Dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
B cells

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12
Q

Which APCs present to effector T cells

A

Macrophages

B cells

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13
Q

What is the 3 roles of APC?

A

Capture
Process
Presentation

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14
Q

What cells must be presented with antigens to perform immune response?

A

T cells (naive)

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15
Q

What determines the immune response?

A

APC via the MHC molecule it displays

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16
Q

4 characteristics about MHC molecules that make them respond to a diverse range of microbes?

A

1) Parent alleles are co-expressed = recognise more pathogens
2) Polymorphic - gives population immunity as prevents infection spreading as people immune to different things
3) Peptide (antigen) binding cleft is polymorphic meaning can bind different antigens
4) Specificity is broad - MHC molecules can present >1 peptide, can present different parts of microbe with same MHC molecule or can present different microbes

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17
Q

What is humoral vs cell-mediated immunity?

A

Humoral - MHCII - bacteria - CD4+ B cells - antibodies

Cell-mediated - MHCI - viral - CD8+ - cytotoxic T cells

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18
Q

What are the HLAs for MHC I an II

A

MHCI A B C

MHCII DP DQ DR

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19
Q

Professional APCs primarily present MHCII and all nucleated body cells present MHCI true or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Would a patient show a virus show HLA DP DQ DR?

A

No as this is MHCII

Would show MHCI

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21
Q

What does susceptibility to infection depend on?

A

Type of MHC molecule

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22
Q

What characteristic of MHC molecule promotes human survival?

A

Polymorphism

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23
Q

Which MHC classes can intracellular and extracellular microbes present and why?

A

Intracellular both MHC I and II - Because CD4+ needed for CD8+

Extracellular MHC II just CD4+

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24
Q

What is the role of CD4+ in viruses?

A

Activates CD8+

25
What does the T Cell receptor recognise?
MHC-antigen complex on APC
26
What happens once APCs present antigens?
They mature | Give off costimulatory signals (cytokines) that help enhance the interaction between TCR and MHC-antigen complex
27
What 3 receptor interactions do T helper cells need in order to be activated?
MHC-CD4 interaction CD80/86 (microbe)-CD28 (T cell) bound Antigen - TCR interaction
28
What type of T helper cells are for extracellular microbes (2) which are for intracellular (1) ?
Extra - TH2, TH17 Intra- TH1
29
How come some MHCI molecules recognise bacteria?
As some bacteria act intracellularly
30
What are interferons?
Cytokines released by virally infected cells that increases neighbouring cells anti-viral defenses 'Remember interferons - interfere with viruses to prevent replication etc'
31
What 3 methods of killing are there for intracellular microbes?
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes - Macrophages - Antibodies
32
What 4 responses against extracellular microbes are there?
- Bcell Antibodies - Eosinophils - Neutrophils - Mast cells
33
What is the linkage between antibodies and macrophages (2)?
Antibodies neutralise the pathogen (antigen) and then macrophages phagocytose it. Antibodies are also opsonins for phagocytes
34
Which 3 extracellular responses are mediated by TH2?
Mast cells Eosinophils Antibodies
35
Which extracellular response is mediated by TH17?
Neutrophils
36
What interleukins are responsible for mediating extracellular responses to pathogens?
IL-5 - Eosinophils IL-4 - Mast cells and B cells IL-17 - Neutrophils
37
Which interferons are responsible for mediating intracellular responses to pathogens?
IFg for CD4+ (B cells and macrophages)
38
Which antibody is a really good opsonin
IgG
39
What are the 4 antibodies from the lecture?
IgG IgM IgA IgE
40
What are the immune functions of the different antibodies? Which one do you get given during pregnancy?
IgG - Fc-dependent phagocytosis, complement activation, neonatal immunity, toxin/virus neutralisation IgM - complement activation, appear early in course of infection, appear again to a lesser extent in subsequent exposure IgA - mucosal immunity, tears, saliva, GI, GU, resp IgE - Helminth/parasite immunity, mast cell degranulation in allergies, release histamine etc IgG get given
41
Why is there are 2-3 day lag phase for antibody production?
Because B cells have to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
42
What 4 medical achievements are there that have derived from the study of the adaptive immune system?
1) Vaccination 2) Immunoglobulin therapies 3) Passive immunity (antibody transfer) 4) Antibody based diagnostic tests e.g. blood tests/infectious/autoimmune
43
What are perforins granzymes?
Used by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected cells
44
Which cells present MHCI
All nucleated cells so not RBC
45
Which cells present MHCII
Professional APCs
46
Do CD4+ or CD8+ cells present antigens?
NO
47
do B cells present antigens
Yes
48
How do APCs activate naive T cells --> helper T cells (3 receptor interactions + something else) What is the term used to describe these signals?
1) MHCII -> CD4 protein 2) Antigen --> TCR 3) CD80/86 (co-stimulators) --> CD28 4) Cytokines from APC to T cell 'costimulatory signals'
49
Roughy how do B cells get activated by T cells?
Binding MHC-antigen to TCR and release of cytokines from T cells that act on B cells and activate them --> differentiate into plasma cells and can then produce antigens
50
Which type of T cells cause damage during organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease?
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
51
What might someone be called if they have HIV but a CD4+ count over 500cell/ul without antiretroviral therapy? What does it mean?
Elite controllers Long term nonprogressors Means they can control viral replication
52
What are perforins and granzymes and what 2 other things are they similar to?
Granzymes - proteases induce cell apoptosis in cells infected with virus/bacteria/cancer Perforins - cytolytic create pores in cell membrane to kill cells Similar to cytolysins in gram pos bacteria Similar to C9 membrane attack of complement system
53
What is the basis of a slow progressor in HIV?
MHCI molecules present important peptides that are essential for the virus survival Hence effective T cell response to virus so it doesn't progress very quickly Rapid progressors' MHC I molecules present unimportant peptides to viral survival hence less effective T cell response and rapidly progressing disease
54
What two ways can MHC molecules present a problem with organ transplant rejection? What is graft vs host reaction?
- Different HLA molecules between donor and recipient - MHC also presents self peptides - WBCs in organ transplant may be recognise self as foreign Graft vs Host reaction - graft
55
Which HLA molecule is associated with rapid or slow progress ors of HIV?
HLA B
56
Which HLA molecules are associated with ankylosing spondylitis and Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus?
HLA B | HLA DQ
57
What happens to the immune response the 2nd exposure (5)
``` Faster Longer Stronger Higher affinity Isotope switch IgM --> IgG ```
58
What is the Fc region of antibodies?
Region that binds to Fc receptors on immune cells e.g. B cells dendritic cells macrophages It mediates the physiological effects of antibodies
59
What are the physiological effects of antibodies
Opsonise for phagocytosis Neutralise pathogen Cell lysis Degranulation of mast cells eosinophils basophils

Infection (14 decks)

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