Adaptation 2/3 Flashcards
co-evolution
where 2 or more species affect each others evolution e.g. the change in morphology of a plant may affect the morphology of herbivores
Co-evolution and close relationships
- mutualistic
- competitive
- predator prey
commensalism (only one party benefitted) means
co-evolution is unlikely to happen
mullerian mimics
a form of mimicry in which two or more unpalatable animals develop similar appearance as a shared protective device
in mullein mimics the more abundant species is the
model
2 step to co-evolution
- macroevolution: causes major mutation and phenotypic change
- microevolution- which refines mimicry
bateson mimicry
mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to one avoided by predators
bateson mimicry may not involve
co-evolution
arms race
innovations for one species leads to counter innovation in another species
red queen hypothesis
biotic and abiotic world is changing all of the time, shifting adaptive peaks. life is a permanent arms race (one species success means decline for another)
adaptive radiation
founder species diversifies to occupy available niches
empty niches lack
competition and have plenty of food
ecological release
species expands into its new habitat where there is little competition for resources and many resources
CIHLID and adaptive radiation
a single species in lake Malawi has diversified
e.g. bottom feeds, surface feeders, insect predators etc
-now 1,000 species of CIHLID in the lake
homologous structures are evidence of
radiation
analogous structures are evidence of
convergent radiation
evolutionary capacitance
living systems have the ability to accumulate genetic variation that has no phenotypic affect until the system is disturbed–> rapid phenotypic change in a pop. therefore rapid adaptation to new conditions
convergent evolution
process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits because of having to adapt to similar environments or niches
marsupials and convergent evolution
marsupials and mammals can have v similar adaptations
african euphorbias and convergent evolution
has similar appearance and adaptions to the N.American cacti
evolutionary relay
independent species acquire similar characteristics through evolution in similar ecosystems.. just at DIFFERENT times
parallel evolution
independent species acquire same characteristics at SAME time in same ecosystem
independent species acquire same characteristics at same time in same ecosystem
parallel evolution
independent species acquire similar characteristics through evolution in similar ecosystems.. just at different times
evolutionary relay
opposite of evolutionary relay
parallel relay
process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits because of having to adapt to similar environments or niches
convergent evolution
living systems have the ability to accumulate genetic variation that has no phenotypic affect until the system is disturbed–> rapid phenotypic change in a pop. therefore rapid adaptation to new conditions
evolutionary capacitance
evidence of homologous structures
radiation
evidence of analogous structures
convergent radiation
founder species diversifies to occupy available niches
adaptive radiation
innovations for one species leads to counter innovation in another species
arms race
mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to one avoided by predators
bateson mimicry
a form of mimicry in which two or more unpalatable animals develop similar appearance as a shared protective device
mullarian mimicry
where 2 or more species affect each others evolution e.g. the change in morphology of a plant may affect the morphology of herbivores
co-evolution
