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acute responses Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen consumption

A
  • when at rest demand for ATP is smaller so requires minimal oxygen consumption
  • body stores minimal amounts of oxygen
  • oxygen in the bloodstream is directly proportional to the amount used by your tissue for oxidative metabolism
  • as intensity increases the consumption of oxygen increases to allow greater levels of ATP
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2
Q

oxygen deficit

A
  • oxygen uptake increases as the body attempts to meet the increased oxygen demand of the working muscles
  • increased oxygen uptake and transport to the working muscles
  • muscles utilize and consume oxygen
  • transition from rest to exercise: short fall between the amount of oxygen required for an exercise so anaerobic systems will be dominant
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3
Q

steady state

A

-one minute or more
- steady state =oxygen supply is equal to oxygen demand
- exercise intensity is being supplied aerobically so that there is no need for further increase in oxygen uptake (little reliance on the anaerobic systems
- coincides with a plateau in heart rate

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4
Q

Excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption

A
  • Is taking up transporting and consuming more oxygen than is required at low intensity
  • Trying to return to pre exercise state
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5
Q

what is an acute response to exercise

A

whenever an individual engages in exercise, the body responds physiologically to meet the increased energy demands of the activity. These immediate short-term responses that last only for the duration of the activity and recovery are referred to as acute responses

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6
Q

acute responses to the respiratory system
define?

A

acute responses of the respiratory system to exercise are designed to facilitate an increase in the availability of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

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7
Q

acute responses to the respiratory system
responses

A
  • increased respiratory frequency
  • increased tidal volume
  • increased ventilation
  • increased pulmonary diffusion
  • increased oxygen uptake
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8
Q

tidal volume

A

how much air is inspired and expired per breath

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9
Q

mechanism for increased ventilation

A

when we begin to exercise receptors in the muscles stimulate an increase in ventilation. this increases in respiration is triggered by an increase co2 and H+ ions levels in the blood (mechanism for increased ventilation). the entire process is controlled by the respiratory control system in the brain

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10
Q

ventilation at sub-maximal intensity

A
  • at the onset of submaximal exercise, RR , TV and ventilation increase quickly then plateau
  • during light to moderate exercise the relationship between exercise and vo2 and intensity is linear
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11
Q

ventilation at higher intensities

A
  • as intensity increases TV plateaus
  • any further increase in ventilation is due to an increase in RR
  • at progressively higher intensities the increase in ventilation is no longer in proportion (not linear) vo2 or intensity
  • ventilation continues to increase non-linearly as intensity increases due to increased H+ and CO2 in blood
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12
Q

anticipatory responses to exercise

A

the heart rate actually rises above the resting values just before the start of exercise. this is called an anticipatory increases response. the anticipatory increase in heart rate that occurs prior to beginning exercise is largely due to the release of epinephrine ( adrenaline)

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13
Q

increased pulmonary diffusion (gaseous exchange )

A

exercise increases the rate of gas exchange pulmonary diffusion increases and more o2 diffuses into the bloodstream and is delivered to the heart to be pumped to the working muscles

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14
Q

cardiovascular system comprises of

A
  • Heart rate
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels ( veins, capillaries, arteries)
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15
Q

acute responses to the cardiovascular system define

A

the cardiovascular systems role is to deliver blood and oxygen to the muscles and assists with the removal of carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Acute responses to the cardiovascular system responses

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased cardiac output (Q)
  • Increased blood flow to working muscles
  • Increased blood pressure
  • increased arteriovenous oxygen difference ( avo2 difference)
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17
Q

parameters of the cardiovascular system

A

increased stroke volume = ml/beat
increased heart rate = bpm
increased cardiac output= L/ minute

18
Q

cardiac output (Q)

A

Q= SVxHR

19
Q

heart rate

A

refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute - usually resting between 60-80 bpm. once an individual begins exercise, their heart rate increases as a response to the extra energy required by the body. The heart rate increases directly in proportion with increases in intensity until near maximal intensity is reached

20
Q

stroke volume

A

is defined as the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat of the heart. Stroke volume plateaus typically and is unchanged despite increases in exercise intensity

21
Q

athletes and stroke volume

A

trained athletes have a greater SV at all intensities and a lower heart rate at rest and submaximal intensities
note: trained athletes have a greater Q at max intensities due to greater SV heart doesn’t have to beat as often to deliver the same amount of blood

22
Q

cardiac output

A

refers to the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute is the product of the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume. Designed to bring about an increase in oxygen delivery to the working muscles

22
Q

increased blood pressure

A

blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial wall as its forced through the circulatory system by the actions of the heart

23
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart beat from left ventricle

24
Q

mechanisms for increased blood pressure

A

as exercise intensity increases so does cardiac out put and therefore blood pressure increases. arteries will vasodilate to enable greater volume of blood to be delivered at a fast rate

25
Q

which blood pressure goes up more during exercise ?

A

systolic blood pressure

26
Q

what training increase blood pressure more

A

resistance training

27
Q

redistribution of blood flow

A

under resting conditions only about 15-20% of total blood flow is directed to skeletal muscle and 80-85% is to the organs, however under exercise conditions the majority of bloodc(80-90%) is redirected to the working muscles

28
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of a vessel, constricting blood flow decreasing blood and o2 delivery

29
Q

vasodilation

A

opening of a blood vessel increasing blood flow increasing blood and o2 delivery

30
Q

acute muscular responses

A

acute muscular system responses to exercise are those that occur in the working muscles themselves. these responses vary according to the type, intensity, and duration of the exercise performed and may differ according to the type of muscle fibre type recruited

31
Q

acute muscular responses include:

A
  • increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment
  • increased blood flow to the working muscles
  • increased avo2 difference
  • increased muscle temperature
  • increased muscle enzyme activity
  • increased oxygen supply and use
  • decreased muscle substrates levels (ATP, CP, glycogen, triglycerides)
32
Q

increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment:

A

the nervous system can increase the number of motor units recruited and speed of muscle units recruited
benefit: results in greater force, power, and strength development

33
Q

increased blood flow to muscles

A

at increased intensity’s there is greater blood flow to working muscles
- vasodilation to capillaries surrounding muscles and redistribution from essential organs to increase oxygen at the working muscles

34
Q

Mechanisms for increased avo2 difference:

A

vasodilation around muscles resulting from an increased in cardiac output and muscles need more o2 at higher intensity

34
Q

Increased avo2 difference:

A

Avo2 difference if the difference of o2 concentration between the arteries and veins. Avo2 difference represents the amount of o2 extracted from the blood and consumed by the muscle tissue. Avo2 difference is larger during exercise than at rest

35
Q

increased avo2 difference benefits:

A

increased aerobic intensity avo2 difference is larger due to increased consumption of o2 allows the athlete to work at increased intensity’s aerobically.

36
Q

increased muscle temperature

A

the resynthesis of ATP (aerobically) results in increased muscle and core temperature
metabolic activity increases core and muscle temperature

37
Q

increased muscle enzyme activity:

A

oxidative enzyme: will assist in metabolising triglycerides and glycogen with in the muscle. Speeding up the rate ATP can be resynthesised aerobically

glycolytic enzyme: will speed up the rate that glycogen could be broken down via the anaerobic glycolysis system. Speeding up rate of ATP resynthesis via the anaerobic glycolysis system

38
Q

decreased muscle substrates (fuels)

A

all substrates fuels stores deplete with increased intensity
- PC = depleted quickest
glycogen= submaximal
fats= at rest

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