acute responses

Question 1

oxygen consumption

Answer 1

• when at rest demand for ATP is smaller so requires minimal oxygen consumption
• body stores minimal amounts of oxygen
• oxygen in the bloodstream is directly proportional to the amount used by your tissue for oxidative metabolism
• as intensity increases the consumption of oxygen increases to allow greater levels of ATP

Question 2

oxygen deficit

Answer 2

• oxygen uptake increases as the body attempts to meet the increased oxygen demand of the working muscles
• increased oxygen uptake and transport to the working muscles
• muscles utilize and consume oxygen
• transition from rest to exercise: short fall between the amount of oxygen required for an exercise so anaerobic systems will be dominant

Question 3

steady state

Answer 3

-one minute or more
- steady state =oxygen supply is equal to oxygen demand
- exercise intensity is being supplied aerobically so that there is no need for further increase in oxygen uptake (little reliance on the anaerobic systems
- coincides with a plateau in heart rate

Question 4

Excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption

Answer 4

• Is taking up transporting and consuming more oxygen than is required at low intensity
• Trying to return to pre exercise state

Question 5

what is an acute response to exercise

Answer 5

whenever an individual engages in exercise, the body responds physiologically to meet the increased energy demands of the activity. These immediate short-term responses that last only for the duration of the activity and recovery are referred to as acute responses

Question 6

acute responses to the respiratory system
define?

Answer 6

acute responses of the respiratory system to exercise are designed to facilitate an increase in the availability of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

Question 7

acute responses to the respiratory system
responses

Answer 7

• increased respiratory frequency
• increased tidal volume
• increased ventilation
• increased pulmonary diffusion
• increased oxygen uptake

Question 8

tidal volume

Answer 8

how much air is inspired and expired per breath

Question 9

mechanism for increased ventilation

Answer 9

when we begin to exercise receptors in the muscles stimulate an increase in ventilation. this increases in respiration is triggered by an increase co2 and H+ ions levels in the blood (mechanism for increased ventilation). the entire process is controlled by the respiratory control system in the brain

Question 10

ventilation at sub-maximal intensity

Answer 10

• at the onset of submaximal exercise, RR , TV and ventilation increase quickly then plateau
• during light to moderate exercise the relationship between exercise and vo2 and intensity is linear

Question 11

ventilation at higher intensities

Answer 11

• as intensity increases TV plateaus
• any further increase in ventilation is due to an increase in RR
• at progressively higher intensities the increase in ventilation is no longer in proportion (not linear) vo2 or intensity
• ventilation continues to increase non-linearly as intensity increases due to increased H+ and CO2 in blood

Question 12

anticipatory responses to exercise

Answer 12

the heart rate actually rises above the resting values just before the start of exercise. this is called an anticipatory increases response. the anticipatory increase in heart rate that occurs prior to beginning exercise is largely due to the release of epinephrine ( adrenaline)

Question 13

increased pulmonary diffusion (gaseous exchange )

Answer 13

exercise increases the rate of gas exchange pulmonary diffusion increases and more o2 diffuses into the bloodstream and is delivered to the heart to be pumped to the working muscles

Question 14

cardiovascular system comprises of

Answer 14

• Heart rate
• Blood
• Blood vessels ( veins, capillaries, arteries)

Question 15

acute responses to the cardiovascular system define

Answer 15

the cardiovascular systems role is to deliver blood and oxygen to the muscles and assists with the removal of carbon dioxide

Question 16

Acute responses to the cardiovascular system responses

Answer 16

• Increased heart rate
• Increased stroke volume
• Increased cardiac output (Q)
• Increased blood flow to working muscles
• Increased blood pressure
• increased arteriovenous oxygen difference ( avo2 difference)

Question 17

parameters of the cardiovascular system

Answer 17

increased stroke volume = ml/beat
increased heart rate = bpm
increased cardiac output= L/ minute

Question 18

cardiac output (Q)

Answer 18

Q= SVxHR

Question 19

heart rate

Answer 19

refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute - usually resting between 60-80 bpm. once an individual begins exercise, their heart rate increases as a response to the extra energy required by the body. The heart rate increases directly in proportion with increases in intensity until near maximal intensity is reached

Question 20

stroke volume

Answer 20

is defined as the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat of the heart. Stroke volume plateaus typically and is unchanged despite increases in exercise intensity

Question 21

athletes and stroke volume

Answer 21

trained athletes have a greater SV at all intensities and a lower heart rate at rest and submaximal intensities
note: trained athletes have a greater Q at max intensities due to greater SV heart doesn’t have to beat as often to deliver the same amount of blood

Question 22

cardiac output

Answer 22

refers to the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute is the product of the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume. Designed to bring about an increase in oxygen delivery to the working muscles

Question 22

increased blood pressure

Answer 22

blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial wall as its forced through the circulatory system by the actions of the heart

Question 23

systolic blood pressure

Answer 23

pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart beat from left ventricle

Question 24

mechanisms for increased blood pressure

Answer 24

as exercise intensity increases so does cardiac out put and therefore blood pressure increases. arteries will vasodilate to enable greater volume of blood to be delivered at a fast rate

Question 25

which blood pressure goes up more during exercise ?

Answer 25

systolic blood pressure

Question 26

what training increase blood pressure more

Answer 26

resistance training

Question 27

redistribution of blood flow

Answer 27

under resting conditions only about 15-20% of total blood flow is directed to skeletal muscle and 80-85% is to the organs, however under exercise conditions the majority of bloodc(80-90%) is redirected to the working muscles

Question 28

vasoconstriction

Answer 28

narrowing of a vessel, constricting blood flow decreasing blood and o2 delivery

Question 29

vasodilation

Answer 29

opening of a blood vessel increasing blood flow increasing blood and o2 delivery

Question 30

acute muscular responses

Answer 30

acute muscular system responses to exercise are those that occur in the working muscles themselves. these responses vary according to the type, intensity, and duration of the exercise performed and may differ according to the type of muscle fibre type recruited

Question 31

acute muscular responses include:

Answer 31

- increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment - increased blood flow to the working muscles - increased avo2 difference - increased muscle temperature - increased muscle enzyme activity - increased oxygen supply and use - decreased muscle substrates levels (ATP, CP, glycogen, triglycerides)

Question 32

increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment:

Answer 32

the nervous system can increase the number of motor units recruited and speed of muscle units recruited benefit: results in greater force, power, and strength development

Question 33

increased blood flow to muscles

Answer 33

at increased intensity's there is greater blood flow to working muscles - vasodilation to capillaries surrounding muscles and redistribution from essential organs to increase oxygen at the working muscles

Question 34

Mechanisms for increased avo2 difference:

Answer 34

vasodilation around muscles resulting from an increased in cardiac output and muscles need more o2 at higher intensity

Question 34

Increased avo2 difference:

Answer 34

Avo2 difference if the difference of o2 concentration between the arteries and veins. Avo2 difference represents the amount of o2 extracted from the blood and consumed by the muscle tissue. Avo2 difference is larger during exercise than at rest

Question 35

increased avo2 difference benefits:

Answer 35

increased aerobic intensity avo2 difference is larger due to increased consumption of o2 allows the athlete to work at increased intensity’s aerobically.

Question 36

increased muscle temperature

Answer 36

the resynthesis of ATP (aerobically) results in increased muscle and core temperature metabolic activity increases core and muscle temperature

Question 37

increased muscle enzyme activity:

Answer 37

oxidative enzyme: will assist in metabolising triglycerides and glycogen with in the muscle. Speeding up the rate ATP can be resynthesised aerobically glycolytic enzyme: will speed up the rate that glycogen could be broken down via the anaerobic glycolysis system. Speeding up rate of ATP resynthesis via the anaerobic glycolysis system

Question 38

decreased muscle substrates (fuels)

Answer 38

all substrates fuels stores deplete with increased intensity - PC = depleted quickest glycogen= submaximal fats= at rest