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Physiology of Exercise > Acute response to exercise and chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system > Flashcards

Acute response to exercise and chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

static lung volumes: tidal volume

A

air moved during the inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle
-.4-1L of air per breath

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2
Q

static lung volumes: inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration
  • 2.5-3.5 L above inspired tidal air
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3
Q

static lung volumes: expiratory reserve volume

A
  • after a normal exhalation, continuing to exhale and forcing as much air as possible from the lung
  • 1.0-1.5L
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4
Q

residual lung volume

A
  • air volume remaining in lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible
  • averages .8-1.2L for college aged women, .9-1.4L for colleged aged men
  • allows an uninterrupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations in blood gases during phases of the breathing cycle
  • RLV plus FVC constitutes total lung capacity
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5
Q

FVC

A

functional vital capacity

  • IRV+ERV+TV
  • total range of functional lung limits, minus the residual lung volume that does not change
  • also called total lung capacity
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6
Q

pulmonary function: minute ventilation (VE)

A
  • averages 6L
  • -minute ventilation=breathing rate (12bpm)xtidal volume (.5L)
  • can be increased by increasing the rate or depth of breathing, or both
  • -breathing rate can increase to 35-45bpm during strenuous exercise in healthy young adults and 60-70bpm in some elite endurance athletes
  • -TVs for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed 60% of vital capacity
  • intense/strenuous exercise leads to increased bpm, not TV
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7
Q

pulmonary function: alveolar ventilation

A
  • portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange
  • -determines the gaseous concentrations at the alveolar-capillary membrane
  • about 350mL of the 500mL of inspired TV at rest enters into and mixes with existing alveolar air
  • remaining 150-200ml =anatomical deadspace
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8
Q

pulmonary function: ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

  • 4.2L of air ventilates the alveoli each minute at rest and 5.0L of blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries
  • average V:P ratio=.84
  • -an alveolar ventilation of .84L matches each liter of pulmonary blood flow
  • in light exercise, V:P reamins .8L
  • in intense exercise, V:P =5.0L
  • more air than blood in circulating system
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9
Q

pulmonary function: ventilatory equivalent

A
  • symbolized by Ve (minute ventillation)/VO2
  • describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption
  • usually at 25L for healthy young adults during submaximal exercise up to ~55% of VO2max
  • higher ventilatory equivalents occur in children, averaging 32L
  • is affected by the exercise mode
  • -Arm vs. leg
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10
Q

pulmonary function: VO2 max

A
  • maximal O2 consumption
  • Aka: maximal 02 uptake, maximal aerobic power, aerobic capacity
  • O2 consumption plateaus or increase only slightly with additional increases in exercise intensity
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11
Q

acute response to aerobic exercise

A

s

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12
Q

integrated regulation of ventilation during exercise

A
  • the combined and simultaneous effects of several chemical and neural stimuli initiate and modulate exercise alveolar ventilation
  • energy needs change as exercise begins->reach steady state (meet demands of activity with respiration)
  • first few minutes=O2 deficit
  • non-steady state
  • anaerobic means for O2 production
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13
Q

the abrupt decline in ventilation when exercise ceases reflects..

A
  • removal of the central command drive
  • sensory input from previously active muscles
  • O2 debt
  • breathe deeper to pay back O2 debt, not about rate anymore, about depth
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14
Q

slower recovery phase results from

A
  • gradual diminution of the short-term potentiation of the respiratory center
  • reestablishment of the body’s normal metabolic, thermal, and chemical milieu
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15
Q

ventilation during steady rate exercise

A

during light to moderate exercise, ventilation increases linearly with oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production

  • average 20-25 L of air for each liter of oxygen consumed
  • ventilation increases mainly through increases in tidal volume
  • at higher exercise intensities, breathing frequency takes on a more important role
  • these adjustments provide complete aeration of blood because alveolar PO2 and PCO2 remain near resting levels
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16
Q

ventilation during non-steady rate exercise

A
  • at more intense sub-maximal exercise, minute ventilation moves sharply upward and increases disproportionately in relation to oxygen consumption
  • the ventilatory equivalent can attain values of 35 or 40L of air breathed per L of oxygen consumed
17
Q

lactate threshold

A
  • describes the highest O2 consumption or exercise achieved with less than 1.0 mM increase in blood lactate concentration above the pre-exercise level
  • glycolysis
  • increase intensity, increase lactate buildup
18
Q

OBLA

A
  • onset of blood lactate accumulation

- signifies when blood lactate concentration systematically increases from 1.0 to 4.0 mM

19
Q

a threshold of lactate appearance could result from 4 factors

A
  1. imbalance between the rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration
  2. decreased redox potential (increased NADH relative to NAD+)
  3. lower blood oxygen content
  4. lower blood flow to skeletal muscle
    - increased intensity may constrict arteries to muscle
20
Q

OBLA

A
  • provides a submaximal exercise measure of aerobic fitness that relates to the beginning of anaerobisis in active muscles
  • occurs without significant metabolic acidosis or severe cardiovascular strain
  • improved endurance performance with training more closely relates to training-induced improvement in the exercise level for OBLA rather than VO2max changes
21
Q

acid base bufering: the ventilatory system

A

intense exercise leads to an imbalance between the glycolytic and aerobic system

  • causes excess production of H+ in the extracellular fluid and plasma
  • increase concentration of H+ stimulates the respiratory center to increase alveolar ventilation
  • causes CO2 to be “blown off”
  • decrease pH is goal
22
Q

pulmonary ventilation: take home message

A
  • increases in ventilation are directly proportional to the increase in oxygen consumed
  • at extremely high intensities ventilation increases disproportionately relative to VO2, paralleling the abrupt non-linear increase in serum lactate and VCO2
  • the later suggest that ventilation is regulated more by the need to remove CO2
  • breathe more to breathe off CO2 at high intensity exercise, but still only receiving small amount of consumed O2 because your HR and blood flow does not match the air taken in
23
Q

Pulmonary adaptations associated with training: aerobically

A
  • the ventilatory response during submaximal exercise levels may be reduced by 25% (dont need to breathe as deep/fast
  • during maximal exercise maximal minute ventilation may increase by 25%
  • pulmonary diffusion capacity improves at rest, sub-maximal and peak exercise in trained individuals
  • only improving drive to respiratory muscles/efficiency (not imroving lung volume)
  • TV remains constant
  • reserves on each side may change
  • RLV increases with age
24
Q

pulmonary adaptations associated with training: blood lactate levels

A

-BL levels throughout submaximal levels are reduced secondary to training

25
Q

pulmonary adaptations associated with training: VO2max

A
  • may increase by 10-30% with moderate endurance training

- mostly attributable to increases in Q (cardiac output) and stroke volume

26
Q

summary

A
  • pulmonary ventilation:
  • -regulation (CO2, feed forward control->thought of exercise changes depth and rate)
  • -response to exercise
  • steady rate exercise vs. non-steady-rate exercise (disproportionate increase in rate of breath)
  • adaptations associated with training (lung volume does not change)
  • increase TV=low intensity exercise, limited capacity to increase TV
  • rate=high intensity
  • phases of respiration

Physiology of Exercise (10 decks)

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