Acute Neurological Health Challenges (Week 6) Flashcards
When older people suffer spinal cord injury (SCI), it is usually more?
traumatic, more complicated, and results in longer hospitalization.
Tetraplegia
is the correct term for quadriplegia; arms and legs all paralyzed.
What is tetraplegia caused by?
It is caused by spinal cord damage at the C8 vertebrae or above. Most anatomical charts only show 7 cervical vertebrae. In this case, C8 must be what is usually referred to as T1.
The major problems associated with SCIs are:
1) Disruption of individual growth and development.
2) Altered family dynamics.
3) Economic loss d/t absence from work.
4) High cost of rehabilitation and long term healthcare.
The most common causes of SCIs are:
1) Motor vehicle (and motorcycle) collisions.
2) Falls and industrial accidents.
3) Sportsinjuries.
4) Medical conditions.
5) Violence.
There are four types of actions that can damage spinal cord components:
1) Compressive forces.
2) Traction forces.
3) Interruption of blood supply.
4) Penetrating forces (i.e. knife or gunshot).
Primary spinal cord injury
is the initial symptoms that occur at the time of the initial trauma d/t the disruption in nerve function.
Secondary spinal cord injury
is the ongoing, progressive damage that occurs after the initial injury.
Most of the secondary damage that occurs is due to?
ischemia causing cell death in affected tissues. The ischemia is usually due to vasoconstriction from the release of vasoactive chemicals from the damaged tissues or edema. It occurs because of the “housed” nature of spinal cord components; there is little room for expansion so, when things swell up, the damage is severe. Hemorrhage is also a cause of expansion and tissue hypoxia.
There are two types of shock that occur in many patients following an SCI, what are they?
spinal shock and neurogenic shock.
Spinal shock
includes decreased reflexes, loss of sensation, and flaccid paralysis below the level of injury. Think of spinal
shock as being an exaggerated state of damage that is temporary; it usually resolves in days to months.
Neurogenic shock
results from a decrease in vasomotor function (vasodilation/constriction) in events where spinal cord damage occurs at the T5 vertebrae or above. It is associated with a loss of (excitatory) sympathetic nervous function. Excessive vasodilation occurs and we see symptoms of hypotension, venous pooling and warm, dry extremities. Also, the loss of sympathetic cardiac excitation results is bradycardia and decreased cardiac output. In summary, neurogenic shock = hypotension, bradycardia, and warm, dry extremities. The severity of the neurogenic shock symptoms depends on the level of the injured vertebrae. Starts at T5 (less severe neurogenic shock) and increases as we move upwards to the cervical column.
Classification of spinal cord injury is by:
1) Mechanism of injury.
2) Level of injury.
3) The degree of injury.
* * Think of these as “how it happened” “where it happened” and “how much damage.”
Mechanisms of injury include the ways the spinal cord was moved that caused the injury. These are?
1) Flexion.
2) Hyperextension.
3) Flexion-rotation. Most severe because it results in ligamentous tearing in the cord.
4) Extension-rotation.
5) Compression.
The level of injury is classified by?
skeletal level and the neurological level
The skeletal level of injury
refers to which vertebrae the most damage occurred at.
The neurological level of injury
is indicated by the lowest vertebrae that still has normal function.
The degree of injury is classified as either?
complete or incomplete spinal cord involvement.
Complete spinal cord involvement
results in a total loss of sensory and motor function below the level of the lesion.
Incomplete spinal cord involvement
results in partial losses of sensory and motor function below the level of the lesion.
Complete spinal cord injury is absolute; all the nervous pathways are severed. Incomplete spinal cord involvement, however, is classified into six different syndromes, what are they?
1) Central cord syndrome
2) Anterior cord syndrome
3) Brown-Sequard syndrome
4) Posterior cord syndrome
5) conus medullaris syndrome
6) cauda equina syndrome
Central cord syndrome
is damage to the central spinal cord. It involves motor weakness and loss of sensory function and the symptoms are greater in the upper extremities.
Anterior cord syndrome
is caused by damage to the anterior spinal cord artery and usually results from severe compression in flexion injury. In it, we see motor paralysis and a loss of temperature and pain sensations below the level of injury. Because the posterior nerve tracts are responsible for conduction of touch, position, vibration, and motion senses, these sensations are not affected.
Brown-Sequard syndrome
is caused by damage to one half (left or right) of the spinal cord. With it, we see spastic paralysis (everything pulls together and locks up), loss of vibration and position senses, and vasomotor paralysis on the same side as the injury (ipsilateral). The contralateral side sees a loss of pain and temperature sensations.
Posterior cord syndrome
results from compression or other damage to the posterior spinal artery. Touch, vibration, motion, and position senses are lost but pain, temperature, and motor function are unaffected.
The conus medullaris syndrome and the cauda equina syndrome
occur due to damage in the lumbar portions of the spinal cord. They involve lumbar and sacral nerves and result in paralysis of the legs and a loss of bladder and bowel function.
When we have a client with a recent SCI in clinical, the priorities are? (think ABCs)
1) Maintaining a patent airway.
2) Ensuring respiratory function.
3) Ensuring adequate circulating blood volume.
4) Preventing further cord damage.
Damage at C4 or above can result in?
total loss of respiratory function and mechanical ventilation will be required to keep the patient alive.
Damage at C4 or below can see the loss of most?
Breathing muscles. If the phrenic nerve remains intact, the client will exhibit diaphragmatic breathing. Because of the loss of the other breathing muscles, affecting lung volumes, diaphragmatic breathing usually involves hyperventilation.
When abdominal and intercostal muscles are affected, such as with cervical and thoracic sc injuries, what happens?
Coughing becomes ineffective; the patient cannot cough out their lung secretions which leads to atelectasis and pneumonia. Neurogenic pulmonary edema can also occur.
SC injuries at T5 or above cause?
impaired sympathetic nervous system function and bradycardia and peripheral vasodilation can occur. This vasodilation results in a state of relative hypovolemia. If bradycardia is severe enough <40bpm, drugs to increase the heart rate such as atropine (epinephrine) will be administered. If the relative hypovolemia results in low enough blood pressures, IV fluids to increase volume will be administered.
atonic bladder
loss of muscle tone that compromises urinary elimination.
What happens to the urinary system with a SC injury?
Spinal cord injuries can often initially result in an atonic bladder (loss of muscle tone) that compromises urinary elimination. Sometime later, in the post-acute period, the bladder can become hyperirritable resulting in reflex emptying. Indwelling catheters are frequently used in the acute phase, but, because of the risk of infection, intermittent catheterization is preferable once the client has stabilized and high-volume IV fluid supplementation is no longer required.
What happens to the GI system with a SC injury?
When the sc injury is at T5 or above, GI problems are associated with gastric hypomotility. Paralytic ileus and gastric distension may occur. A nasogastric suction tube may be used to relieve this distension. Metoclopramide, an antiemetic, can be used to improve gastric emptying. Excessive HCl in the stomach can result in stress ulcers, which can be avoided with the use of medications such as Zantac and Pepcid. Intraabdominal bleeding can also occur, which is difficult to detect. Look for continued hypotension, decreased HGb and hematocrit, and expanding abdominal girth.
Bowel symptoms are much like the urinary symptoms. In the acute phase, the bowels are somewhat paralyzed. In the post- acute phase, they may become hyperirritable and result in reflex emptying.
What happens to the Integumentary system with a SC injury?
Lack of movement d/t paralysis can result in pressure ulcers, especially over areas of bony prominence. Turning or rotation schedules must be implemented with extreme caution, if at all, because of the possibility of exacerbating the SCI.
What happens to thermoregulation with a SC injury?
In the event of an SCI, afferent temperature sensory pathways may be impaired, preventing the brain from sensing the external environment. There may also be an impaired ability to temperature regulate by shivering or sweating. The result is poikilothermism, the adjustment of body temperature to room temperature. As with most things SCI, the level and degree of injury correspond to the impairment of the body’s thermoregulatory systems (higher=worse).
What happens to metabolic needs with a SC injury?
If nasogastric suctioning is used, depletion of the body’s acid may result in metabolic alkalosis and electrolytes can be lost resulting in imbalances. Hypotension and hypovolemia may result in decreased tissue perfusion (=↑ CO2) and acidosis. The spinal cord injured patient’s metabolic needs usually increase significantly, despite their immobility, and can benefit from a high- protein, high-nitrogen diet.
What are some peripheral vascular problems that come with a SC injury?
With immobility, there is a great risk of developing DVTs or VTEs and can result in a pulmonic embolus. This risk is greatest in the first three months following the traumatic event.
XRays are used to determine?
the presence of damage.
CTs are used to assess?
the specific location, degree, and stability of bony injury as well as soft and neural tissue changes.
MRIs are used to?
assess changes in the event of neurological problems.