Acute Inflammation Flashcards
what are the steps of inflammation
- recognition of offending agents
- Recruitment and activation of leukocytes & plasma proteins
- Termination of the reaction
- Repair
what do these cardinal signs mean
a) rubor
b) tumor
c) calor
d) dolor
a) redness
b) swelling
c) heat
d) pain
what are the 3 components of inflammation
Blood vessels
Leukocytes
Innate immunity
what is sepsis
Local vs systemic inflammation
what is acute inflammation characterized by
exudation of fluid & plasma proteins=edema and emigration of white blood cells
what is chronic inflammation mainly controlled by
adaptive immunity
what is chronic inflammation characterized by
Lymphocytes & macrophages
Proliferation of blood vessels
Deposition of connective tissue
where are receptors for ingested microorganisms
endosomes
what are the sensors of cell damage
presence of uric acid, ATP, decreased intracellular potassium
when does inflammation begin
inflammasome forms, production of Interleukin1, recruiting of leukocytes
what is an example of a circulatory protein
collectin
what circulatory proteins recognize microorganism sugars
mannose-binding lectin
what are the components of acute inflammation
o Dilatation of small vessels
o Increased permeability of the microvasculature
o Emigration of WBC to the injury site
what is
a) exudation/exudate
b) transudate
c) edema
a) escape of fluid, proteins & blood cells from the vasculature into the interstitial space or to the body cavities
b) fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin), little or no cellular material & low specific gravity
c) excess fluid in interstital tissue or serous cavities, either transudate or exudate
what causes erythema
vasodilation/increased blood flow
what is opsonization
when microbes are coated with antibodies
what are the mechanisms of vascular leakage/increased vascular permeability
- Contraction of endothelial cells
- Endothelial injury
- Increased transport of fluids & proteins =transcytosis
Contraction of endothelial cells occurs in response to_______
mediators like histamine, bradykinin, leukotriens
what stimulates transcytosis through the endothelial cells during vascular leakage
VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)
what is
a) lymphangitis
b) lympadenitis
a) inflammation and infection of the lymphatic system
b) infection of the lymph nodes
Changes in blood flow & vascular permeability are quickly followed by _________________
an influx of WBC into the tissue
what are the most important white blood cells that are capable of phagocytosis
neutrophils & macrophages
WBC pass from the blood circulation to the tissue by the actions of ___________________
adhesion molecules & chemokines
describe rolling of white blood cells
adhesion to the endothelium takes place, whereby the force of blood flow induces a rotational motion (i.e., rolling) of the leukocyte along the vascular wall
migration in the tissue toward ___________
chemotactic stimuli
describe margination
When hemodynamics change or stasis develops more WBC are pushed to the periphery than RBC which are normally at the central axis.
what are the major families for WBC adhesion
Selectins(play role in rolling of the WBC) & Integrins (are surface proteins of WBC & mediate firm adhesions)
where are these selectins expressed
a) L-selectin
b) E-selectin
c) P-selectin
WBC
endothelium
endothelium & platelets
what regulates expression of selectin on endothelium & platelets
cytokines secreted from tissue macrophages, mast c, endothelial c. which are called =chemokines
what is the function of Histamine & thrombin
stimulate the redistribution of P-selectin from its normal intracellular stores in endothelial c. granules
