Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps of inflammation

A
  • recognition of offending agents
  • Recruitment and activation of leukocytes & plasma proteins
  • Termination of the reaction
  • Repair
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2
Q

what do these cardinal signs mean

a) rubor
b) tumor
c) calor
d) dolor

A

a) redness
b) swelling
c) heat
d) pain

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3
Q

what are the 3 components of inflammation

A

Blood vessels
Leukocytes
Innate immunity

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4
Q

what is sepsis

A

Local vs systemic inflammation

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5
Q

what is acute inflammation characterized by

A

exudation of fluid & plasma proteins=edema and emigration of white blood cells

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6
Q

what is chronic inflammation mainly controlled by

A

adaptive immunity

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7
Q

what is chronic inflammation characterized by

A

Lymphocytes & macrophages
Proliferation of blood vessels
Deposition of connective tissue

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8
Q

where are receptors for ingested microorganisms

A

endosomes

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9
Q

what are the sensors of cell damage

A

presence of uric acid, ATP, decreased intracellular potassium

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10
Q

when does inflammation begin

A

inflammasome forms, production of Interleukin1, recruiting of leukocytes

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11
Q

what is an example of a circulatory protein

A

collectin

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12
Q

what circulatory proteins recognize microorganism sugars

A

mannose-binding lectin

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13
Q

what are the components of acute inflammation

A

o Dilatation of small vessels
o Increased permeability of the microvasculature
o Emigration of WBC to the injury site

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14
Q

what is

a) exudation/exudate
b) transudate
c) edema

A

a) escape of fluid, proteins & blood cells from the vasculature into the interstitial space or to the body cavities
b) fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin), little or no cellular material & low specific gravity
c) excess fluid in interstital tissue or serous cavities, either transudate or exudate

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15
Q

what causes erythema

A

vasodilation/increased blood flow

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16
Q

what is opsonization

A

when microbes are coated with antibodies

17
Q

what are the mechanisms of vascular leakage/increased vascular permeability

A
  • Contraction of endothelial cells
  • Endothelial injury
  • Increased transport of fluids & proteins =transcytosis
18
Q

Contraction of endothelial cells occurs in response to_______

A

mediators like histamine, bradykinin, leukotriens

19
Q

what stimulates transcytosis through the endothelial cells during vascular leakage

A

VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)

20
Q

what is

a) lymphangitis
b) lympadenitis

A

a) inflammation and infection of the lymphatic system

b) infection of the lymph nodes

21
Q

Changes in blood flow & vascular permeability are quickly followed by _________________

A

an influx of WBC into the tissue

22
Q

what are the most important white blood cells that are capable of phagocytosis

A

neutrophils & macrophages

23
Q

WBC pass from the blood circulation to the tissue by the actions of ___________________

A

adhesion molecules & chemokines

24
Q

describe rolling of white blood cells

A

adhesion to the endothelium takes place, whereby the force of blood flow induces a rotational motion (i.e., rolling) of the leukocyte along the vascular wall

25
migration in the tissue toward ___________
chemotactic stimuli
26
describe margination
When hemodynamics change or stasis develops more WBC are pushed to the periphery than RBC which are normally at the central axis.
27
what are the major families for WBC adhesion
Selectins(play role in rolling of the WBC) & Integrins (are surface proteins of WBC & mediate firm adhesions)
28
where are these selectins expressed a) L-selectin b) E-selectin c) P-selectin
WBC endothelium endothelium & platelets
29
what regulates expression of selectin on endothelium & platelets
cytokines secreted from tissue macrophages, mast c, endothelial c. which are called =chemokines
30
what is the function of Histamine & thrombin
stimulate the redistribution of P-selectin from its normal intracellular stores in endothelial c. granules