acute inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation?

Answer 1

response of living tissue to infection/damage, develops quickly, initiation for innate immunity

Question 2

what are the 3 main processes involved

Answer 2

vascular dilation, increased vascular permeability, neutrophil activation and migration

Question 3

what are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

microbial infection, physical agents, irritant and corrosive chemicals, tissue necrosis

Question 4

what are the consequences of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 5

what is amplification?

Answer 5

recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation

Question 6

describe vascular dilation

Answer 6

small b.v adjacent to site of damage become dilated, endothelial cells swell and retract, exudation-vessels become leaky and allow passage of small moelcules, endothelial cells activated to promote immune cells passage to damaged tissues

Question 7

what is oedema?

Answer 7

excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body, increased blood and lymph provides; fluids, salts, glucose,O2, complement proteins and antibodies, fibrin

Question 8

name 5 chemical mediators?

Answer 8

histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, serotonin, prostaglandins

Question 9

name 2 protein mediators

Answer 9

cytokines, chemokines

Question 10

what is histamine?

Answer 10

product of breakdown of aa histidine, stored in granules of immune cells such as mast cells, degranulation releases histamine- neurotransmitter causes itching, vascular dilation

Question 11

what are prostaglandins?

Answer 11

produced by macrophages and neutrophils (with leukotrienes) product of fatty acid metabolism, cause vascular dilation

Question 12

what are the 5 roles of prostaglandins in acute inflammation?

Answer 12

vascular dilation,
reg. cell recruitment
reg. cytokine prod.
act on nerve fibres-pain
involved in tissue remodelling

Question 13

what enzyme regulates prostaglandins?

Answer 13

cyclo-oxygenase

Question 14

what are the 4 plasma factors?

Answer 14

complement,
the kinin system,
coagulation,
fibrinolytic system

Question 15

what is the kinin system?

Answer 15

kallikrein is generated by Hageman factor, neutrophils also engage, kallikrein converts kininogens to kinins

Question 16

what are the 3 pathways in the coagulation system?

Answer 16

intrinsic- activated by blood contact with sub-endothelial ct
extrinsic-damaged bv allows factor to leave vessel and encounter tissue factor
common-prod. thrombin prod. fibrin (clot)

Question 17

what is the fibrinolytic system?

Answer 17

results in activation of plasmin, kallikrein and Hageman factor both play role in conversion, involved in breakdown of blood clots, prevents excess clotting in health, activated complement, indirect role as fibrin degradation

Question 18

why is the balance between coagulation/fibrinolytic system essential?

Answer 18

it is haemostasis- to stop the flow of blood

Question 19

what are 3 congenital coagulation disorders?

Answer 19

von Willebrand disease,
haemophilia A
haemophilia B

Question 20

what are 2 acquired coagulation disorders?

Answer 20

warfarin

heparin

Question 21

what is suppuration?

Answer 21

the formation of pus usually arising from an infection with pyogenic bacteria- abcess

Question 22

describe suppuration

Answer 22

neutrophil infiltration- encapsulate pathogens then die become pus, once accumulated pus surrounded by a pyogenic membrane

Question 23

what are the requirements for complete resolution after acute inflammation

Answer 23

minimal cell death and tissue damage,
occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity,
rapid elimination of causative agent,
rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage