intro

Question 1

what is pathology?

Answer 1

the study of the causes and effects of diseases

Question 2

what is aetiology?

Answer 2

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

Question 3

what is pathogenesis?

Answer 3

progressive changes as disease develops

Question 4

what is sequalae?

Answer 4

what happens next

Question 5

dental signs of anemia

Answer 5

burning red tongue, inflammation of gum tissues

Question 6

dental signs of diabetes

Answer 6

dry mouth, bad breath, burning tongue, inflammation, tooth decay

Question 7

dental signs of anorexia and bulemia

Answer 7

erosion, fillings raised, sensitive teeth, enlargement of parotid glands, sweat smelling breath

Question 8

dental signs of kidney failure

Answer 8

bad tooth development in children, dry mouth, odour, metallic taste, ulcers on tongue and gums

Question 9

dental signs of HIV

Answer 9

sores, thrush, non-removable white areas on side of tongue

Question 10

heart disease

Answer 10

pain radiating to jaw

Question 11

what is a differential diagnosis?

Answer 11

distinguishing of a disease or condition from others with similar clinical features

Question 12

what are the organs of the immune system?

Answer 12

thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

Question 13

what is the thymus?

Answer 13

a small organ located behind breastbone- where T-cells mature

Question 14

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 14

small, bean shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease- can swell

Question 15

what is bone marrow?

Answer 15

yellow tissue in centre of bones responsible for making WBC which later become lymphocytes

Question 16

what is the spleen?

Answer 16

largest lymphatic organ, contains WBC that fight infection and disease, controls amount of blood in body

Question 17

what are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 17

transport clean fluids back to blood
drains excess fluids from body
removes debris from cells
transports fats from digestive system

Question 18

what is innate immunity

Answer 18

first line of non-specific defence

Question 19

what is adaptive immunity?

Answer 19

specific and acquired immunity

Question 20

what is the function of epithelium

Answer 20

physical barrier- produces antimicrobial peptides, produces cytokines/chemokines

Question 21

what do innate cell subsets & complement do?

Answer 21

phagocytic cells-macrophages, neutrophils, antigen-presenting cells

Question 22

what do chemokines do?

Answer 22

cell recruitment

Question 23

what do cytokines do?

Answer 23

cell activation/proliferation

Question 24

what are the components of adaptive immunity?

Answer 24

B cells(humoral) produce antibodies
T cells (cell-mediated) cell-cell communication

Question 25

what is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 25

aimed at eliminating inciting cause eg foreign agents

Question 26

what can the inflammatory response attack?

Answer 26

invading micro-organisms
particulate materials
altered self cells
transformed malignant cells

Question 27

what are the stages of inflammation?

Answer 27

initiation, progression, amplification, resolution, failure to resolve

Question 28

describe initiation

Answer 28

response to harmful agents

Question 29

describe progression

Answer 29

containment of harmful agents

Question 30

describe amplification

Answer 30

healing- acute inflammation

Question 31

describe failure to resolve

Answer 31

chronic inflammation