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Principles of disease AM > Acute inflammation > Flashcards

Acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor- redness
Calor- heat
Tumour- swelling
Dolor- pain

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2
Q

What microorganisms can cause inflammation?

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites

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3
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A 
Microorganisms
Mechanical (trauma)
Chemical
Physical (extreme conditions)
Dead tissue
Hypersensitivity
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4
Q

What is present in the microcirculation?

A

Capillary beds and extracellular space and fluid within it

Lymphatic channels and drainage

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute inflammation?

A

Changes in vessel radius
Change in permeability of vessel wall
Movement of neutrophils to extracellular space

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6
Q

What is the triple response?

A

Flush- transient arteriolar constriction
Flare- local arteriolar dilation
Wheal- relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

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7
Q

What effect does increasing the vessel radius have an flow?

A

Increases flow by power of 4

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8
Q

What are the effects of increased vessel permeability?

A

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extracellular space
Causes oedema and increased viscosity of blood

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9
Q

What are the effects of increased blood viscosity?

A

Causes stasis and a change in flow pattern

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10
Q

What are the phases of emigration of neutrophils?

A

Margination
Pavementing
Emigration

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11
Q

How is acute inflammation resolved?

A 
Inciting agent isolated and destroyed
Macrophages move in and phagocytose debris
Epithelial surfaces regenerate
Inflammatory exudate filtered away
Vascular changes return to normal
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12
Q

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Rapid response to non-specific stimuli
Transient protection of inflamed area
Localised process

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13
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

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14
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of neutrophils up a concentration gradient

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15
Q

How to neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

Enzymes destroy a specific part of the pathogen

Oxygen free radicals pick up particular molecules and destroy them

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16
Q

What are the consequences of neutrophil action?

A

Produce pus

Progress inflammation, if necessary

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17
Q

What plasma proteins are involved in acute inflammation?

A

Fibrinogen

Immunoglobulins

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18
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen in acute inflammation?

A

Forms fibrin
Clots exudate
Localised inflammatory process

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19
Q

What is the role of immunoglobulin in acute inflammation?

A

Antigen specific

Part of humeral immune response

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20
Q

What are the collective effects of mediators?

A 
Vasodilation
Increased permeability of vessel walls
Neutrophil adhesion
Promote chemotaxis
Itch and pain
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21
Q

What is P selectin?

A

Secreted from endothelial cells and sits on surface, acting as glue to stick to neutrophils

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22
Q

What molecules are released from cells during acute inflammation?

A 
Histamine
Seratonin
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Platelet activating factor
Cytokines and chemokines
Nitric oxide
Oxygen free radicals
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23
Q

What cell is histamine released from and what does it do?

A

Mast cells

Vasodilation and increased permeability

24
Q

What cell is serotonin released from and what is its function?

A

When platelets degranulate in coagulation

Causes vasoconstriction

25
Q

What is the function of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Decrease synthesis of some other inflammatory mediators

26
Q

What cell type is platelet activating factor released from and what is its function?

A

Cell membranes of activated inflammatory cells

Reduces permeability by increased platelet degranulation

27
Q

What cells are cytokines and chemokine released from and what is their function?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelium

Attract inflammatory cells

28
Q

What is the function of nitric acids in acute inflammation?

A

Regu;ate leukocyte recruitment and cause smooth muscle contraction

29
Q

What cell are oxygen free radicals released from and what is their function?

A

Neutrophils during phagocytosis

Amplify other mediator effects

30
Q

What are the 4 enzyme cascades?

A

Blood coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Kinin
Complement cascade

31
Q

What is the purpose of the blood coagulation pathway and how does it work?

A

Form clots in exudate

Converting fibrinogen to fibrin

32
Q

What is the purpose of fibrinolysis?

A

Break down fibrin to maintain blood supply

33
Q

What is the purpose of the kinin pathway?

A

Triggers nerves causing pain

Build upon stimulation from peripheral nerves

34
Q

What is the purpose of the complement cascade and how does it work?

A

Tie inflammation with the immune system

Stimulates increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cell breakdown

35
Q

What are the immediate systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Pyrexia
Feel unwell
Neutrophilia- increased white cell count

36
Q

What are the longer term effects of inflammation?

A

Lymphodenopathy- regional lymph node enlargement
Weight loss
Anaemia

37
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Pus formation

38
Q

What is the structure and function of the pyogenic membrane?

A

Formed by fibrin

Walls off pus to prevent spread

39
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Collection of pus under pressure

Can be a single macule or multiloculated

40
Q

What is pyaemia?

A

When pus discharges into the bloodstream

41
Q

What is organisation?

A

Healing and repair leading to fibrosis and formation of a scar

42
Q

What is granulation tissue and what is it formed from?

A

‘Universal patch’

Ner capillaries, fibroblasts and collagen, macrophages

43
Q

What is dissemination?

A

Spread of acute inflammation into bloodstream

44
Q

What is bacteraemia?

A

Bacteria in blood

45
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Growth of bacteria in blood

46
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Toxic products of bacteria in blood

47
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute

48
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

49
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood the heart pumps with each beat

50
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

51
Q

What is the systemic vascular resistance?

A

Inbuilt pressure surrounding vessels

52
Q

What is an effect of systemic infection?

A

Shock

53
Q

What is shock?

A

Inability to perfuse tissues due to a low BP

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of early septic shock?

A 
Peripheral vasodilation
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Pyrexia
Haemorrhage skin rash
55
Q

What does the systemic release of chemical mediators cause?

A

Vasodilation, therefore loss of systemic vascular resistance

Heart rate increases to compensate

56
Q

What does bacterial endotoxin release cause?

A

Pyrexia

Activates coagulation causing haemorrhage skin rash

Principles of disease AM (16 decks)

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