Acute Heart Failure - 13

Question 1

Causes of heart failure

Answer 1

1. Afib
2. Pulmonary HTN
3. Complete heart block
4. CAD, ventricular hypertophy
5. Cardiac tamponade
6. Mitral valve
7. Aortic valve
8. Severe HTN, aortic dissection

Question 2

Stages and signs of progressive heart failure (3)

Answer 2

1. Inc filling pressure (PCWP) –> venous lung congestion and dyspnea
2. Dec SV and inc HR
3. Dec CO and inc filling pressure

Question 3

Describe the neurohumoral responses to heart failure

Answer 3

1. Naturetic peptides
   - Na excretion - red preload
   - dilating BVs - red preload
2. Sympathetics
   - Dec SV detected by baroreceptors –> + ionotropic and chronotropic, vasoconstriction and RAAS
3. ## Renin-angio-aldo system

Question 4

Describe diastolic HF and its causes

Answer 4

Dec ventricular distensibility/filling during diastole

dec end-diastolic volume 16mmHg

HF with normal ejection fraction

Hypertrophy, MI, restrictive cardiomyopathy, pericardial tamponade, positive pressure vent and PEEP