Acute Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children around the world.

A

Infectious diarrhea

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2
Q

is the most frequent cause of diarrhea in young children during winter

A

Rotavirus

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3
Q

The rotavirus vaccine has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence of acute gastroenteritis and hospitalizations due to rotavirus

A

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4
Q

occurs in people of all ages, year round, and is the most common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis because it is highly contagious.

A

Norovirus

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5
Q

the most common bacterial food-borne causes (in order of frequency) are

A

nontyphoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio cholerae.

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6
Q

Nontyphoidal Salmonella produces diarrhea

A

by invading the intestinal mucosa.

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7
Q

A large inoculum of organisms is required for disease because Salmonella is killed by gastric acidity.

A

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8
Q

The incubation period for gastroenteritis by Nontyphoidal Salmonella ranges from

A

6 to 72 hours but is usually less than 24 hours.

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9
Q

Carriers of nontyphoidal salmonella have…

A

Cholelithiasis

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10
Q

Shigella dysenteriae may cause disease by

A

producing Shiga toxin. +/-tissue invasion, the incubation period is 1-7 days

Infected adults may shed organisms for 1 month.

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11
Q

Shigella is spread by

A

person- to-person contact or by the ingestion of contaminated food with 10-100 organisms.

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12
Q

In shigellae,
1-The_____ is selectively affected.

2- symptoms:

A

colon

2- High fever and febrile seizures may occur in addition to diarrhea.

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13
Q

Only certain strains of E. coli produce diarrhea.

A

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14
Q

Strains associated with enteritis are classified by the mechanism of diarrhea:

A

enterotoxigenic (ETEC),

enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) or Shiga toxin–producing (STEC),

enteroinvasive (EIEC),
enteropathogenic (EPEC),

or enteroaggregative (EAEC

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15
Q

ETEC strains produce

A

heat-labile (cholera-like) enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin, or both.

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16
Q

_____is a frequent cause of traveler’s diarrhea.

A

ETEC

T▶️T

17
Q

ETEC adhere to the epithelial cells in the upper small intestine and produces disease by_____

A

by liberating toxins that induce intestinal secretion and limit absorption.

18
Q

EHEC or STEC, especially the E. coli O157:H7 strain, produces a Shiga-like toxin that is responsible for

A

a hemorrhagic colitis and most cases of diarrhea associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which presents with microangiopathic hemo- lytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure

19
Q

STEC is associated with

A

contaminated food, including unpasteurized fruit juices and especially undercooked beef,

20
Q

STEC can present with nonbloody diarrhea that then becomes bloody🩸🩸

A

21
Q

EIEC invades

A

colonic mucosa, producing widespread mucosal damage with acute inflammation similar to Shigella.

22
Q

EIEC diarrhea is usually

A

watery and is often associated with fever.

23
Q

EPEC causes______

A

mild watery diarrhea but can cause severe dehydration in young children in resource-poor countries in sporadic or epidemic patterns.🔴🔴🔴🔴

24
Q

Antibiotics for e.coli enteritis is indicated for:

A

Infants <3months old with ELEC
Symptomatic patients

🔴🔴🔴not recommended for e.coli or HUS because release of toxins may precipitate or worsen the course of HUS

25
Q

Campylobacter jejuni is spread by

A

person-to-person contact and by contaminated water and food, especially poultry, raw milk, and cheese.

26
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

invades the mucosa of the jejunum, ileum, and colon.▶️enterocolitis

27
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

is trans- mitted by pets and contaminated food, especially chitterlings.

28
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

Infants and young children characteristically have a_________ whereas older children usually have ________

A

diarrheal disease, ,

acute lesions of the terminal ileum or acute mesenteric lymphadenitis mimicking appendicitis or Crohn disease. Postinfectious arthritis, rash, and spondylopathy may develop.

29
Q

Clostridium difficile causes________

and is usually associated with _______

A

diarrhea and/or colitis ,, prior antibiotic exposure