Acute Gastroenteritis

Question 1

is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children around the world.

Answer 1

Infectious diarrhea

Question 2

is the most frequent cause of diarrhea in young children during winter

Answer 2

Rotavirus

Question 3

The rotavirus vaccine has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence of acute gastroenteritis and hospitalizations due to rotavirus

Answer 3

✅

Question 4

occurs in people of all ages, year round, and is the most common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis because it is highly contagious.

Answer 4

Norovirus

Question 5

the most common bacterial food-borne causes (in order of frequency) are

Answer 5

nontyphoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio cholerae.

Question 6

Nontyphoidal Salmonella produces diarrhea

Answer 6

by invading the intestinal mucosa.

Question 7

A large inoculum of organisms is required for disease because Salmonella is killed by gastric acidity.

Answer 7

✅

Question 8

The incubation period for gastroenteritis by Nontyphoidal Salmonella ranges from

Answer 8

6 to 72 hours but is usually less than 24 hours.

Question 9

Carriers of nontyphoidal salmonella have…

Answer 9

Cholelithiasis

Question 10

Shigella dysenteriae may cause disease by

Answer 10

producing Shiga toxin. +/-tissue invasion, the incubation period is 1-7 days

Infected adults may shed organisms for 1 month.

Question 11

Shigella is spread by

Answer 11

person- to-person contact or by the ingestion of contaminated food with 10-100 organisms.

Question 12

In shigellae,
1-The_____ is selectively affected.

2- symptoms:

Answer 12

colon

2- High fever and febrile seizures may occur in addition to diarrhea.

Question 13

Only certain strains of E. coli produce diarrhea.

Answer 13

✅

Question 14

Strains associated with enteritis are classified by the mechanism of diarrhea:

Answer 14

enterotoxigenic (ETEC),

enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) or Shiga toxin–producing (STEC),

enteroinvasive (EIEC),
enteropathogenic (EPEC),

or enteroaggregative (EAEC

Question 15

ETEC strains produce

Answer 15

heat-labile (cholera-like) enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin, or both.

Question 16

_____is a frequent cause of traveler’s diarrhea.

Answer 16

ETEC

T▶️T

Question 17

ETEC adhere to the epithelial cells in the upper small intestine and produces disease by_____

Answer 17

by liberating toxins that induce intestinal secretion and limit absorption.

Question 18

EHEC or STEC, especially the E. coli O157:H7 strain, produces a Shiga-like toxin that is responsible for

Answer 18

a hemorrhagic colitis and most cases of diarrhea associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which presents with microangiopathic hemo- lytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure

Question 19

STEC is associated with

Answer 19

contaminated food, including unpasteurized fruit juices and especially undercooked beef,

Question 20

STEC can present with nonbloody diarrhea that then becomes bloody🩸🩸

Answer 20

✅

Question 21

EIEC invades

Answer 21

colonic mucosa, producing widespread mucosal damage with acute inflammation similar to Shigella.

Question 22

EIEC diarrhea is usually

Answer 22

watery and is often associated with fever.

Question 23

EPEC causes______

Answer 23

mild watery diarrhea but can cause severe dehydration in young children in resource-poor countries in sporadic or epidemic patterns.🔴🔴🔴🔴

Question 24

Antibiotics for e.coli enteritis is indicated for:

Answer 24

Infants <3months old with ELEC
Symptomatic patients

🔴🔴🔴not recommended for e.coli or HUS because release of toxins may precipitate or worsen the course of HUS

Question 25

Campylobacter jejuni is spread by

Answer 25

person-to-person contact and by contaminated water and food, especially poultry, raw milk, and cheese.

Question 26

Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 26

invades the mucosa of the jejunum, ileum, and colon.▶️enterocolitis

Question 27

Yersinia enterocolitica

Answer 27

is trans- mitted by pets and contaminated food, especially chitterlings.

Question 28

Yersinia enterocolitica Infants and young children characteristically have a_________ whereas older children usually have ________

Answer 28

diarrheal disease, , acute lesions of the terminal ileum or acute mesenteric lymphadenitis mimicking appendicitis or Crohn disease. Postinfectious arthritis, rash, and spondylopathy may develop.

Question 29

Clostridium difficile causes________ and is usually associated with _______

Answer 29

diarrhea and/or colitis ,, prior antibiotic exposure