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Cardiopulmonary pathology > Acute Coronary Syndromes > Flashcards

Acute Coronary Syndromes Flashcards

1
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

the group of symptoms attributed to the obstruction of coronary arteries

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2
Q

examples of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

A

unstable angina

Non ST elevation myocardial infract (NSTEMI)

STEMI

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3
Q

What are the cause of ACS?

A

the rupture of atherosclerosis clot in arteries and subsequent formation of clot

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4
Q

What symptoms does partially occlusive clot result in?

The ECG of these symptoms

A

unstable angina

NSTEMI

ST segments depression and T wave inversion

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5
Q

What charge (+/-) serum biomarker used to diagnose unstable angina?

A

(-) serum biomarker

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6
Q

Why STEMI is more severe than NSTEMI?

How is the ECG different from normal ECG?

A

because ischemia is more severe & myocardial infarct is larger

ST segment elevation

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7
Q

What will atherosclerosis result in?

A

plague disrupture

endothelial cells dysfunction

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8
Q

What is the consequence of endothelial dysfunction?

A

vasodilation decreases

antithrombotic effect decreases

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9
Q

What charge (+/-) serum biomarkers used to diagnose NSTEMI?

A
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10
Q

When plague ruptures, what are the consequences?

A

intraplague hemorrhage

release of tissue factor

exposed collagen fibers

turbulence of blood flow

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11
Q

What will the exposure of collagen fibers & turbulence of blood flow cause?

A

platelet activation & aggregation

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12
Q

What does platelet activation & aggregation will result in?

A

plasma coagulation

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What happen when tissue factors released?

A

plasma coagulation occurs

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14
Q

what does intraplague hemorrhage result in?

A

decrease vessel lumen diameter

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15
Q

What charge (+/-) serum biomarkers used to diagnose STEMI?

A

(+) serum

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16
Q

Coronary thrombosis is the combination of what symptoms?

A

decreased vessel lumen diameters

plasma coagulation

platelet aggregation

vasoconstriction

17
Q

Where are the most common myocardial infarct?

Why?

A

sub-endocardial

because it has the highest pressure

it is perfused by blood vessels that can easily be compressed

18
Q

The degree of myocardial infarcts depend on?

A

the mass of myocardium perfused by blood vessel

the magnitude and duration of impaired flow

oxygen demand of the affected tissue

adequacy of collateral vessels from neighboring non-occluded coronary branch

degree of tissue response that modifies the ischemic process

19
Q

How does the myocardial infarct develop over time?

A

clearing of necrotic myocardium (yello softening)

deposit of collagent to form scar tissue (fibrosis)

20
Q

What ability that myocardial infarct heart will lose?

A

lose the synchronous contraction of myocytes

diastolic dysfunction

21
Q

When the heart lose its synchronous contraction of myocytes, what will happen?

A

systolic dysfunction = impaired ventricular contraction -> cardio output decrease

22
Q

hypokinetic

akinetic

dyskinetic

A

decreased contractility

no contractility

outward contractility

23
Q

What does diastolic dysfunction will cause?

A

reduction of ventricular compliance

higher filling pressure

severe venous engorgement

24
Q

venous engorgement

A

distended neck veins

24
Q

pericardial effusion & tamponade

What does it cause?

A

leak of blood into the space btw myocardium & pericardial sac

extra pressure on heart & thin atrium wall

25
Q

Why we can use the serum biomarker to diagnose the myocardial infarct?

A

because macromolecules will leak from the necrotic tissues into the blood stream

26
Q

What are the serum markers to diagnose MI?

A

cardiac troponin

creatine kinase

27
Q

What does the drug clopidogrel do?

what drug does it have same effects as?

A

prevent stroke, heart attacks

aspirin

Cardiopulmonary pathology (12 decks)

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