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ENT > Acute And Chronic Sinusitis > Flashcards

Acute And Chronic Sinusitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is rhinosinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

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2
Q

What are the four pairs of sinuses?

A
  • Maxillary
  • Ethmoid
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
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3
Q

What is the primary function of the sinuses?

A
  • Humidification
  • Protection
  • Resonance
  • Immune defense
  • Heat insulation
  • Trauma protection
  • Reduce skull weight
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4
Q

What anatomical structures drain into the middle meatus?

A
  • Maxillary sinuses
  • Anterior ethmoidal sinuses
  • Frontal sinuses
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5
Q

What are the major symptoms associated with rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Facial pressure
  • Facial congestion/fullness
  • Purulent nasal discharge
  • Hyposmia/anosmia
  • Fever
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6
Q

What are common minor symptoms of rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Headache
  • Halitosis
  • Fatigue
  • Dental pain
  • Cough
  • Ear pain
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7
Q

What are the classifications of sinusitis based on duration?

A
  • Acute sinusitis: <4 weeks
  • Subacute sinusitis: 4 to 12 weeks
  • Recurrent acute: 4 or more episodes per year
  • Chronic sinusitis: >12 weeks
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8
Q

What are some local factors that can lead to rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Nasal obstruction
  • Choanal atresia
  • Adenoid
  • Rhinitis
  • Polyps
  • Tumours
  • Septal deviation
  • Concha bullosa
  • Ciliary dyskinesia
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9
Q

What are the systemic factors associated with rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Asthma
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Allergic fungal sinusitis
  • Immune deficiencies (e.g., HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, chemotherapy)
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10
Q

What are the common viral causes of acute sinusitis?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Influenza virus
  • Adenovirus
  • Human parainfluenza virus
  • Human respiratory syncytial virus
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11
Q

What is the role of the ciliary apparatus in sinus function?

A

It aids in mucociliary clearance, moving mucus out of the sinuses.

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12
Q

What complications can arise from rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Mucocoel
  • Meningitis
  • Brain abscess
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis/laryngitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Orbital cellulitis
  • Cavernous sinus thrombosis
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13
Q

What is the pathophysiology of rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Narrow sinus ostia
  • Bacterial colonization
  • Hypoxia in the sinus
  • Dysfunction of the ciliary apparatus
  • Viscous sinus secretions
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14
Q

What are the treatment options for rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Surgery
  • Rest
  • Decongestants
  • Steam inhalation
  • Antihistamines
  • Analgesics
  • Antifungal agents
  • Saline nasal spray
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15
Q

True or False: Chronic sinusitis lasts longer than 12 weeks.

A

True

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16
Q

What is a common bacterial cause of rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Anaerobic bacteria
17
Q

Fill in the blank: The nasal endoscopy helps evaluate _______.

A

[middle meatal pathologies]

18
Q

What are the clinical features of rhinosinusitis?

A
  • Rhinorrhea (anterior and posterior)
  • Nasal congestion/obstruction
  • Facial pain/tenderness
  • Ear pressure/pain
  • Headache
  • Toothache
  • Snoring
  • Sore throat
  • Hyposmia/anosmia
  • Cough
  • Bad breath (halitosis)
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
19
Q

What anatomical variations can lead to nasal obstruction?

A
  • Deviated septum
  • Concha bullosa
20
Q

What is the role of the inferior turbinate?

A

It originates from the maxilla and helps with nasal airflow and humidification.

ENT (3 decks)

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