Activities Flashcards
First rib - can this rib be palpated?
No
Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) - which bone does the clavicle articulate with here?
Sternum
Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) - what type of joint is this?
Plane joint
Spine of the scapula - which muscles attach here?
Deltoid - originates
Trapezius - inserts
Supraspinous and infraspinous fossae - which muscles are located here?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapular fossa - which muscle is located here?
Subscapularis
Corocoid process - which muscles attach here?
Small head of bicep brachii - originates
Coracobrachialis - originates
Pectoralis minor - inserts
Head of humerus- which part of the scapula does it articular with?
Glenoid fossa
Anatomical and surgical neck of humerus - whatʼs the difference between the two?
Anatomical neck is area below head of humerus
Surgical neck is most commonly fractured point of humerus
Bicipital groove - what passes through here?
Long tendon of biceps brachii
Which muscle is responsible for protraction of the scapula?
○ Which nerve supplies it?
Pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve) and serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)
Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the scapula?
Rhomboid major and minor
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
What are the functions of trapezius?
elevation of the scapula and rotation of scapula during abduction of humerus beyond 90 degrees
Which nerve supplies trapezius? How could we test the function of this nerve?
Accessory nerve
Shrug shoulders
Identify the location of latissimus dorsi on the skeleton, where does its tendon insert on the humerus? What does this tell you about its function?
○ What exercises can you think of that will develop latissimus dorsi?
Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
adduction, extension and medial rotation at the shoulder joint
-swimming
What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
Ball and socket joint
What features contribute to the stability and mobility of the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff
Ligaments
Tendons of biceps brachii
Glenoid labrum
Which movements does deltoid contribute to? Which nerve supplies it?
Abduction after first 15 degrees, flexion and medial rotation (anterior fibres), abduction (middle fibres), extension and lateral rotation (posterior fibres) at the shoulder joint
Axillary nerve
What is the name of the arrangement of muscle fibres in the deltoid?
Unipennate
Which bones of the pectoral girdle does deltoid originate from?
Lateral 1/3 Clavicle
Scapula spine to acromion
Which muscles form the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
Where does supraspinatus muscle originate from?
Supraspinous fossa
Under which structure does supraspinatus tendon pass?
Acromion process
What is supraspinatus function
Abduction at shoulder joint for first 15 degrees
Infraspinatus
○ What is its function?
External rotation of shoulder
Teres Minor
○ What is its function?
External rotation of shoulder
Subscapularis
○ Where does this muscle originate from and insert onto?
○ What is its function
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle
Internal rotation
Which structures form axilla anterior and posterior walls?
Anterior = pectoralis major and minor
Posterior = Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi
Which muscle is present on its medial wall?
Serratus anterior
Which artery and vein are located in the axilla?
Axillary artery and vein
What is the name of the group of nerves located in the axilla?
Brachial plexus
Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the long thoracic nerve
Winged scapula- anterior border of scapula lifts off the thoracic wall and scapula appears to stick out
Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the thoracodorsal nerve?
Paralysis of latissimus dorsi
Which 3 muscles are located in the anterior arm?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
What are the origins of the heads of biceps brachii?
Long head - supraglenoid head
Short head - coracoid process
Which bony structure of the humerus does the long head travel through?
Capsule of the shoulder joint
Where does biceps brachii insert in the forearm?
Radial tuberosity of the radius
What are the functions of this muscle?
Flexion of elbow and shoulder
Supination of forearm
Which nerve supplies biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous
Brachialis
○ Where is this muscle located on the arm? Which muscle is immediately superficial to it?
Deep to biceps brachii
What are the functions of brachialis?
Flexor of elbow joint
Coracobrachialis
○ Which nerve supplies this muscle?
Musculocutaneous
Coracobrachialis
○ Based on its name, can you work out its origin?
Coracoid process of scapula
Triceps Brachii
○ Which nerve travels between the medial and lateral heads?
Radial nerve
Where does triceps brachii insert in the forearm? What is the name of this process?
Olecranon of ulna
What are the functions of triceps brachii?
Extension of shoulder and elbow joint
Which nerve supplies triceps brachii
Radial nerve
In what region of the body is the brachial plexus located?
Axilla
Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
Which nerve roots contribute to the long thoracic nerve?
C5-C7
What are the names of the parts of the brachial plexus from roots to branches?
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
The cords are named lateral, posterior and medial, but what structure are they named in relation to?
Relative to the position around the second part of the Axillary artery
Where does the thoracodorsal nerve branch from?
Posterior cord
What are the 5 main terminal branches of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar
Contributing roots to the Musculocutaneous nerve
C5-C7
Contributing roots to the Axillary nerve
C5-C6
Contributing roots to the median nerve
C6-T1
Contributing roots to the radial nerve
C5-T1
Contributing roots to the ulnar nerve
C8-T1
Contributing cord to the Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral
Contributing cord to the Axillary nerve
Posterior
Contributing cord to the median nerve
Medial and lateral
Contributing cord to the radial nerve
Posterior
Contributing cord to the ulnar nerve
Medial
Motor functions of the Musculocutaneous nerve
3 muscles of anterior arm compartment
Motor functions of the Axillary nerve
Deltoid
Teres minor
Small region of skin on upper arm
Motor functions of the median nerve
Most anterior forearm
Some hand muscles
Motor functions of the radial nerve
Triceps brachii
Muscles in posterior compartment of forearm
Regions of skin over arm, forearm and wrist
Motor functions of the ulnar nerve
Some anterior forearm muscles
Most hand muscles
Which nerve is particularly at risk of injury during anterior dislocation of the shoulder?
Axillary nerve
Which nerve is at risk of damage after a midshaft humeral fracture?
Radial
Radial head - which part of the humerus does the head articulate with?
Capitellum
Radial neck - which structure holds this in position?
Lateral collateral ligmanfe
Radial tuberosity - what attaches here?
Common tendon of biceps brachii
Coronoid process of ulna - where does this fit when you flex your elbow fully?
Coronoid fossa of humerus
Trochlear notch of ulna - which part of the humerus does this articular with?
Trochlea
The ʻtrueʼ elbow joint - which bones articulate here and what movements can occur?
Humerus, radius and ulna
Flexion and extension
The elbow joint is considered very stable. What factors contribute to this?
Joint capsule
Collateral ligmants
The radioulnar joints - which movements occur here?
Which bone moves and which remains still during these movements?
Pronation and supination
Radius moves, ulna stays till
Which muscles are the primary flexors and extensors of the elbow joint?
Flexors = biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
Extensors = triceps
Which muscles are the primary pronators and supinators?
Pronator = Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus
Supinator = Supinator, biceps brachii
All 8 of the carpal bones - can you name them all?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Which bones form the wrist joint? What type of synovial joints are between them?
Radius
Scaphoid and lunate
Condyloid
What is the clinical significance of the blood supply to the scaphoid?
branches of the radial artery. The dorsal branch of the radial artery, which supplies 80% of the blood, enters in the distal pole and travels in a retrograde fashion towards the proximal pole.
Consequently, fractures can compromise the blood supply, leading to avascular necrosis (AVN) and subsequent degenerative wrist disease. The more proximal the scaphoid fracture, the higher the risk of AVN.
Which muscles form the lateral and medial borders of cubital fossa
Lateral = Brachioradialis
Medial = Pronator teres
Which line forms the ʻbaseʼ of cubital fossa?
Imaginary line between the 2 epicondyles of the humerus
Which nerves, arteries and veins are found within cubital fossa?
Cephalic vein, Basilic vein, median cubital vein
Brachial artery
Radial and median nerves
Biceps tendon
Which tendons pass through carpal tunnel
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Carpal tunnel
Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ and which structures form its ʻfloorʼ?
Roof = flexor retinaculum
Floor = carpal bones
Which nerve passes through carpal tunnel
Median nerve
How many layers are in the anterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?
3 - superficial, middle and deep
4,1,3
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate?
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the function of each of these muscles?
Pronation = Pronator teres
Others = Flexion of wrist
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?
Median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris which is ulnar nerve
Name and identify the muscle of the intermediate layer.
○ What is its function? Which nerve supplies it?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexion of digits 2-5
- median nerve
Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer.
○ What are the functions of these muscles?
○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?
Flexor digitorum profundus- Flexion of digits 2-5. Lateral half =Median nerve, medial half = ulnar nerve
Flexor pollicis longus- Flexion of thumb, median nerve
Pronator quadratus- pronation, median nerve
How many layers are in the posterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?
2 - superficial and deep
7, 5
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate?
○ What is the function of each of these muscles?
○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extension of wrist
Radial nerve
Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer.
○ What are the functions of these muscles?
○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?
Supinator
Extensor pollicis longus
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis
The radiocarpal (ʻwristʼ) joint - which carpal bones are involved in this joint?
Radius
Scaphoid
Lunate
Middle phalanges - which digit doesnʼt include this bone?
Thumb
What names are used to name the individual digits to avoid confusion in clinical practice?
Thumb
Index
Middle
Ring
Little
Carpometacarpal joints (CMCJs)
○ Which type of synovial joint is the first (thumb) CMCJ?
○ Which movements are possible at the first CMCJ?
Saddle
Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction, opposition
Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs)
○ What is the laypersonʼs term for this joint?
○ Which type of synovial joint are the MCPJs?
○ Which movements are possible here?
Knuckles
Condyloid
Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction
Interphalangeal joints (IPJs)
○ Which type of synovial joint are the IPJs?
○ Which bones are separated by the PIPJ and the DIPJ?
○ Which digit only has one IPJ?
○ Which movements are possible at these joints?
Hinge
Proximal and middle then middle and distal
Thumb
Flexion and extension
How is the plane of movement different in thumb flexion and extension compared to finger flexion?
Thumb - coronal plane
Fingers - saggital plane
Which other movements combine to create opposition?
Abduction
Recall the five main terminal branches of the brachial plexus.
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar
Which spinal nerves carry sensory information from the skin of the upper limb?
C4-T1
If a patient were to sustain an injury to their axillary nerve a er a dislocation of their shoulder, which area of skin would be affected?
Area over shoulder
If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of C7, which
areas of skin would be affected?
○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?
Middle finger
- Musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar
If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of T1, which areas of skin would be affected?
○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?
Medial side of forearm
- ulnar, median, radial
Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist flexion (3)?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
- median nerve/ ulnar nerve
Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger flexion (2) and thumb flexion (1)? - demonstrate this yourself.
○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?
Flexor digitorum superficialis - median - middle phalanx
Flexor digitorum profundus - lateral half = median , medial half = ulnar - distal phalanx
Flexor pollicis longus- median - distal phalanx
Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the fingers?
Flexor digitorum profundus
Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus
Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist extension (3)?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
- radial nerve
Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger extension?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?
○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits?
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digit minimi
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
- radial nerve
- extensor expansion
Which digits have more than one extensor muscle acting on them?
Index finger
Little finger
Which forearm muscles contribute to the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?
Extensor pollicis longus- medial
Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus - lateral
Anatomical snuffbox-
● Which vein and nerve travel over the surface?
● Which artery is palpable within it?
● Which bone forms the floor?
Cephalic vein
Radial nerve
Radial artery
Scaphoid
How many muscles are located within the thenar eminence?
○ What is the name and function of each muscle?
○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?
3
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Recurrent branch of median nerve
How many muscles are located within the hypothenar eminence?
○ What is the name and function of each muscle?
○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?
3
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
How many lumbricals are there in the hand?
4
What is the function of the lumbricals?
Flex the MCP joint
Extend the IP joint
What is the nerve supply of the lumbricals?
Lateral 2 - median nerve
Medial 2 - ulnar nerve
How many palmar interossei are there in the hand?
3
What is the function of the palmar interossei?
Adduct the fingers
What is the nerve supply of the palmar interossei?
Ulnar nerve
How many dorsal interossei are there in the hand?
4
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
Abduction
What is the nerve supply of the dorsal interossei?
Ulnar nerve
Which nerve is affected by a fracture to neck of humerus
Axillary
Which nerve is affected by fracture to mid shaft humerus
Radial
Which nerve is affected by fracture to elbow
Ulnar
Acetabulum - which bone articulates with the pelvis here?
Femur
Obturator foramen - which nerve passes through this foramen?
Obturator nerve
Iliac crest - what is the name of the line between the two iliac crests?
Intercristal line at L4
○ Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
■ Which large nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen?
Sciatic nerve
Femoral head - what is the name of the socket which it fits into? What attaches to the small depression in the centre of the femoral head?
Acetabulum
- ligament of the head of the femur
Femoral neck - what is the significance of the blood supply around the femoral neck and head in neck-of-femur (NOF) fractures?
Damage to the artery to the Ligamentum teres and lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries will cause a vascular necrosis of the head of the femur
Which muscles insert onto the lesser trochanter?
Iliacus
Psoas major
What type of synovial joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
What features of the hip joint provide it with good stability?
Ligaments - iliofemoral , pubofemoral and ischiofemoral
Acetabulum labrum deepens the joint ensuring a tight fit
Which muscles in the torso and pelvis are the primary hip flexors?
Iliacus
Psoas makor
● What are the names of the three hip ligaments? What do they attach to?
Iliofemoral - ilium
Pubofemoral - pubic
Ischiofemoral - ischium
Which bones articulate at the knee joint? What are the names of the bony processes of these bones that are part of the knee joint?
Femur - femoral condyles
Tibia - tibial condyles at the tibial plateau
What type of synovial joint is the knee joint?
Hinge
How does the knee lock in place in full extension? What is the purpose of this and how is it ʻunlockedʼ?
Femur rotates a very small amount as the knee reaches full extension
Unlocked by popliteal muscle
Which groups of muscles are responsible for flexion and extension of the knee?
Anterior and posterior thigh miscles
What is the name and role of the large pieces of cartilage within the knee joint?
○ Which one is more firmly tethered and less mobile? What is the clinical significance of this?
Medial and lateral menisci - deepen the tibial condyles in order to improve the fit at the knee joint
Medial is more firmly tethered as it is attached to the medial collateral ligament making it more prone to injury if the knee is twisted
What are the main 4 ligaments that support the knee joint? What movements are they responsible for preventing?
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments - lateral movement of the knee
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
How is the shape of the patella and femur adapted to prevent dislocation? Which muscle assists further with preventing dislocation?
The distal fibres of the Vastus medialis are arranged horizontally to prevent lateral movement of the patella
The patellofemoral joint has a larger ridge laterally to prevent lateral dislocation
What is the primary artery that supplies the anterior thigh?
○ Where could we access this artery for vascular procedures?
Femoral artery
- femoral triangle
What is the primary artery that supplies the medial thigh?
Obturator arteyr
What are the primary arteries that supply the gluteal region?
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
How does the posterior thigh receive its blood supply?
Profunda femoris - branch of femoral artery
what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
When it transverses the adductor hiatus
Which nerves supply the gluteus muscles
Superior and inferior gluteal nerves
- branch of sacral plexus
Which nerve roots contribute to the femoral nerve?
○ What is the name of the sensory branch of this nerve, and which area of skin does it supply?
○ Where could we access the femoral nerve to provide regional anaesthesia if required?
L2-L4
Saphenous nerve- skin over the thigh
Femoral triangle
Which nerve roots contribute to the obturator nerve?
L2-L4
Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve? This nerve is really just made up of two large nerves stuck together, what are the names of these two nerves?
L4-S3
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
How many muscles are located in the anterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?
7
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Anterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?
Extension of the knee
What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?
Femoral nerve
Anterior thigh - Four of the muscles have a common insertion. What is the name of this group of muscles?
○ What bone do these muscles insert onto?
○ One of these muscles also acts on the hip. Which muscle is this, and what is its action on the hip joint?
Quadriceps femoris - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- rectus femoris - Flexion of hip
One of the muscles, sartorius, is very long and thin. Identify it.
○ What is its origin? What are its 3 functions?
ASIS
Flex and externally rotate hip
Flex knee
psoas major and iliacus in the previous block of study. Identify them on the model. What is their insertion point on the femur?
Lesser trochanter
How many muscles are located in the medial thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Medial thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?
Adduction of the hip
Medial thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles? Which muscle has dual innervation?
○ What is the name of the gap between the two parts of this muscle?
○ What passes through this gap?
Obturator nerve
Adductor Magnus-
adductor part = Obturator
hamstring part = tibial nerve of sciatic nerve
Adductor hiatus- femoral artery and vein
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Medial = adductor longus
Lateral - sartorius
Roof = inguinal ligament
Floor= Iliopsoas and Pectineus
What are the contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial?
Femoral nerve, artery, vein , lymphatic
Which superficial vein drains into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?
Great saphenous vein
How many muscles are located in the gluteal region? ○ Can you name all of them?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
Obturator internus
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
largest muscle in the body is located here, the gluteus maximus.
○ What are the functions of this muscle?
Extensor of the hip
There are two other gluteus muscles deep to it. What are their names?
○ What is the function of these two muscles?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
- abduct and internally rotate hip
What is the collective function of the 5 smaller and deeper muscles in this region?
Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip
Which large nerve passes over the surface of piriformis?
Sciatic
How many muscles are located in the posterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring part of adductor Magnus
Posterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles, on both the hip and knee?
Extend hip
Flex knee
Posterior thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?
Common fibular nerve of sciatic nerve
Posterior thigh - What is the origin of all of these muscles?
Ischial tuberosity
Tibia:
○ Condyles and plateaus - which other bone is the plateau in contact with?
Femur
Tibial tuberosity - which structure attaches to this tuberosity?
Patellar tendon (common tendon of quadriceps femoris muscles)
Soleal line - which muscle attaches to this part of the tibia?
Soleus
Head and neck - Which nerve runs close to this part of the fibula and is vulnerable to injury here?
Common fibular nervr
Talus - which parts of the talus contribute to the ankle joint?
Trochlea of the talus (curved dome)
Navicular - which other tarsal bones does the navicular articulate with?
Talus
Cuboid
3 cuneiform bones
Cuboid and cuneiform bones
○ Which type of synovial joints separate the tarsal bones?
Plane
Metatarsals and Phalanges - how many phalanges are there for each toe?
3
Which bones of the foot are in contact with the ground when standing?
Calcaneus
Metatarsals and phalanges
Do you know the name of the joint condition that commonly affects the 1st MTPJ?
It causes swelling and pain in the joint as crystals are deposited in the synovium.
Gout
What type of synovial joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge
What features of the ankle joint provide it with stability?
Medial and lateral ligaments
Medial and lateral malleolus form a mortise for the talus
ʻAnkle sprainsʼ are common. What is the most common excessive movement that occurs in this region that leads to an ankle sprain?
○ Which ligament do you think is most commonly sprained?
Inversion of the foot
Damage to lateral ligaments
Which bones are classically fractured in an ʻankle fractureʼ?
Lateral and medial malleolus
How many muscles are located in the anterior compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius
Anterior compartment of leg - What are the functions of these muscles?
Dorsiflexion
Extension of toes
Anterior leg compartment - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?
Deep fibular nerve
How many muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Lateral leg - What are the functions of these muscles?
Eversion
Lateral leg - What is the nerve supply to these muscles?
Superficial fibular nerve
Lateral leg - Which bony structure do both of the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot?
Lateral malleolus
The tendon of fibularis brevis may be stretched during forced inversion of the foot. This may lead to an avulsion fracture of where it inserts. What is the insertion point of this muscle?
5th metatarsal
Superficial compartment:
● How many muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
○ Can you name all of them?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Superficial posterior leg - What is the function of these muscles?
Plantarflexion
Superficial posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?
Tibial nerve
Which bony structure do all of the tendons of these superficial posterior muscles insert onto? What is the name of their common tendon?
Calcaneus
Achilles tendom
Other than its function of moving the foot, what other important role does Plantaris play in the leg?
Flexion of knee
Deep compartment:
● How many muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
○ Can you name all of them?
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Popliteus
Deep posterior leg - What are the functions of these muscles?
Plantarflexion
Flexion of toes
Popliteus - Lateral rotation of the femur relative to the tibia
Deep posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?
Tibial nerebe
Deep posterior leg - Which bony structure do the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot? What is the name of the tunnel through which they pass?
Medial malleolus
Tarsal tunnel
Describe the role of popliteus in relation to the knee joint.
Lateral rotation of femur to allow Flexion of knee
What is the name of the muscle on the dorsum of the foot that inserts onto the tendons of extensor digitorum?
Extensor digitorum brevis
How many layers of muscles are there in the sole of the foot?
4
Which nerves innervate the muscles of the sole of the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves- branch of tibial nerve
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superior- Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, biceps femoris
Inferior - 2 heads of gastrocnemius
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa, from lateral to medial?
Popliteal artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Which superficial vein drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?
Great saphenous vein
Point to the region of the tarsal tunnel on yourself.
● Which tendons pass through it?
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Tarsal tunnel- Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ, and which two bones does it connect?
Flexor retinaculum - medial malleolus and calcaneus
Tarsal tunnel - Which nerve, artery and vein pass through it?
Tibial nerve
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located? What landmarks can you use to find it?
palpable over the dorsum of the foot, just lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus, between the first and second metatarsals
venous drainage of the lower limb from foot to the heart.
○ What are the names of the two main superficial veins?
○ Which one is located anterior to the medial malleolus?
○ Which one is o ften used as a graft for coronary arteries?
Great and small saphenous veins
- great saphenous vein
- great saphenous vein
If a patient were to sustain an injury to their common fibular nerve a fter a fracture of the proximal fibula, which areas of skin would be affected?
Lateral leg and dorsum of foot
If a patient were to sustain an injury to their sciatic nerve a er a penetrating injury to their gluteal region, which areas of skin would be affected?
Lateral leg and entire foot
