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MSK anatomy > Activities > Flashcards

Activities Flashcards

1
Q

First rib - can this rib be palpated?

A

No

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2
Q

Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) - which bone does the clavicle articulate with here?

A

Sternum

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3
Q

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) - what type of joint is this?

A

Plane joint

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4
Q

Spine of the scapula - which muscles attach here?

A

Deltoid - originates
Trapezius - inserts

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5
Q

Supraspinous and infraspinous fossae - which muscles are located here?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

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6
Q

Subscapular fossa - which muscle is located here?

A

Subscapularis

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7
Q

Corocoid process - which muscles attach here?

A

Small head of bicep brachii - originates
Coracobrachialis - originates
Pectoralis minor - inserts

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8
Q

Head of humerus- which part of the scapula does it articular with?

A

Glenoid fossa

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9
Q

Anatomical and surgical neck of humerus - whatʼs the difference between the two?

A

Anatomical neck is area below head of humerus
Surgical neck is most commonly fractured point of humerus

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10
Q

Bicipital groove - what passes through here?

A

Long tendon of biceps brachii

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11
Q

Which muscle is responsible for protraction of the scapula?
○ Which nerve supplies it?

A

Pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve) and serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)

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12
Q

Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the scapula?

A

Rhomboid major and minor
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius

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13
Q

What are the functions of trapezius?

A

elevation of the scapula and rotation of scapula during abduction of humerus beyond 90 degrees

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14
Q

Which nerve supplies trapezius? How could we test the function of this nerve?

A

Accessory nerve
Shrug shoulders

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15
Q

Identify the location of latissimus dorsi on the skeleton, where does its tendon insert on the humerus? What does this tell you about its function?
○ What exercises can you think of that will develop latissimus dorsi?

A

Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

adduction, extension and medial rotation at the shoulder joint
-swimming

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16
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

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17
Q

What features contribute to the stability and mobility of the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff
Ligaments
Tendons of biceps brachii
Glenoid labrum

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18
Q

Which movements does deltoid contribute to? Which nerve supplies it?

A

Abduction after first 15 degrees, flexion and medial rotation (anterior fibres), abduction (middle fibres), extension and lateral rotation (posterior fibres) at the shoulder joint
Axillary nerve

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19
Q

What is the name of the arrangement of muscle fibres in the deltoid?

A

Unipennate

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20
Q

Which bones of the pectoral girdle does deltoid originate from?

A

Lateral 1/3 Clavicle
Scapula spine to acromion

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21
Q

Which muscles form the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

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22
Q

Where does supraspinatus muscle originate from?

A

Supraspinous fossa

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23
Q

Under which structure does supraspinatus tendon pass?

A

Acromion process

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24
Q

What is supraspinatus function

A

Abduction at shoulder joint for first 15 degrees

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25
Q

Infraspinatus
○ What is its function?

A

External rotation of shoulder

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26
Q

Teres Minor
○ What is its function?

A

External rotation of shoulder

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27
Q

Subscapularis
○ Where does this muscle originate from and insert onto?
○ What is its function

A

Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle
Internal rotation

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28
Q

Which structures form axilla anterior and posterior walls?

A

Anterior = pectoralis major and minor
Posterior = Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

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29
Q

Which muscle is present on its medial wall?

A

Serratus anterior

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30
Q

Which artery and vein are located in the axilla?

A

Axillary artery and vein

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31
Q

What is the name of the group of nerves located in the axilla?

A

Brachial plexus

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32
Q

Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the long thoracic nerve

A

Winged scapula- anterior border of scapula lifts off the thoracic wall and scapula appears to stick out

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33
Q

Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

Paralysis of latissimus dorsi

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34
Q

Which 3 muscles are located in the anterior arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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35
Q

What are the origins of the heads of biceps brachii?

A

Long head - supraglenoid head
Short head - coracoid process

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36
Q

Which bony structure of the humerus does the long head travel through?

A

Capsule of the shoulder joint

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37
Q

Where does biceps brachii insert in the forearm?

A

Radial tuberosity of the radius

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38
Q

What are the functions of this muscle?

A

Flexion of elbow and shoulder
Supination of forearm

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39
Q

Which nerve supplies biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous

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40
Q

Brachialis
○ Where is this muscle located on the arm? Which muscle is immediately superficial to it?

A

Deep to biceps brachii

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41
Q

What are the functions of brachialis?

A

Flexor of elbow joint

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42
Q

Coracobrachialis
○ Which nerve supplies this muscle?

A

Musculocutaneous

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43
Q

Coracobrachialis
○ Based on its name, can you work out its origin?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

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44
Q

Triceps Brachii
○ Which nerve travels between the medial and lateral heads?

A

Radial nerve

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45
Q

Where does triceps brachii insert in the forearm? What is the name of this process?

A

Olecranon of ulna

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46
Q

What are the functions of triceps brachii?

A

Extension of shoulder and elbow joint

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47
Q

Which nerve supplies triceps brachii

A

Radial nerve

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48
Q

In what region of the body is the brachial plexus located?

A

Axilla

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49
Q

Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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50
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the long thoracic nerve?

A

C5-C7

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51
Q

What are the names of the parts of the brachial plexus from roots to branches?

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches

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52
Q

The cords are named lateral, posterior and medial, but what structure are they named in relation to?

A

Relative to the position around the second part of the Axillary artery

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53
Q

Where does the thoracodorsal nerve branch from?

A

Posterior cord

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54
Q

What are the 5 main terminal branches of the brachial plexus

A

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar

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55
Q

Contributing roots to the Musculocutaneous nerve

A

C5-C7

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56
Q

Contributing roots to the Axillary nerve

A

C5-C6

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57
Q

Contributing roots to the median nerve

A

C6-T1

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58
Q

Contributing roots to the radial nerve

A

C5-T1

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59
Q

Contributing roots to the ulnar nerve

A

C8-T1

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60
Q

Contributing cord to the Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Lateral

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61
Q

Contributing cord to the Axillary nerve

A

Posterior

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62
Q

Contributing cord to the median nerve

A

Medial and lateral

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63
Q

Contributing cord to the radial nerve

A

Posterior

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64
Q

Contributing cord to the ulnar nerve

A

Medial

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65
Q

Motor functions of the Musculocutaneous nerve

A

3 muscles of anterior arm compartment

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66
Q

Motor functions of the Axillary nerve

A

Deltoid
Teres minor
Small region of skin on upper arm

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67
Q

Motor functions of the median nerve

A

Most anterior forearm
Some hand muscles

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68
Q

Motor functions of the radial nerve

A

Triceps brachii
Muscles in posterior compartment of forearm
Regions of skin over arm, forearm and wrist

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69
Q

Motor functions of the ulnar nerve

A

Some anterior forearm muscles
Most hand muscles

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70
Q

Which nerve is particularly at risk of injury during anterior dislocation of the shoulder?

A

Axillary nerve

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71
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage after a midshaft humeral fracture?

A

Radial

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72
Q

Radial head - which part of the humerus does the head articulate with?

A

Capitellum

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73
Q

Radial neck - which structure holds this in position?

A

Lateral collateral ligmanfe

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74
Q

Radial tuberosity - what attaches here?

A

Common tendon of biceps brachii

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75
Q

Coronoid process of ulna - where does this fit when you flex your elbow fully?

A

Coronoid fossa of humerus

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76
Q

Trochlear notch of ulna - which part of the humerus does this articular with?

A

Trochlea

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77
Q

The ʻtrueʼ elbow joint - which bones articulate here and what movements can occur?

A

Humerus, radius and ulna
Flexion and extension

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78
Q

The elbow joint is considered very stable. What factors contribute to this?

A

Joint capsule
Collateral ligmants

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79
Q

The radioulnar joints - which movements occur here?

Which bone moves and which remains still during these movements?

A

Pronation and supination

Radius moves, ulna stays till

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80
Q

Which muscles are the primary flexors and extensors of the elbow joint?

A

Flexors = biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
Extensors = triceps

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81
Q

Which muscles are the primary pronators and supinators?

A

Pronator = Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus
Supinator = Supinator, biceps brachii

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82
Q

All 8 of the carpal bones - can you name them all?

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium

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83
Q

Which bones form the wrist joint? What type of synovial joints are between them?

A

Radius
Scaphoid and lunate

Condyloid

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84
Q

What is the clinical significance of the blood supply to the scaphoid?

A

branches of the radial artery. The dorsal branch of the radial artery, which supplies 80% of the blood, enters in the distal pole and travels in a retrograde fashion towards the proximal pole.

Consequently, fractures can compromise the blood supply, leading to avascular necrosis (AVN) and subsequent degenerative wrist disease. The more proximal the scaphoid fracture, the higher the risk of AVN.

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85
Q

Which muscles form the lateral and medial borders of cubital fossa

A

Lateral = Brachioradialis
Medial = Pronator teres

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86
Q

Which line forms the ʻbaseʼ of cubital fossa?

A

Imaginary line between the 2 epicondyles of the humerus

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87
Q

Which nerves, arteries and veins are found within cubital fossa?

A

Cephalic vein, Basilic vein, median cubital vein
Brachial artery
Radial and median nerves
Biceps tendon

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88
Q

Which tendons pass through carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

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89
Q

Carpal tunnel

Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ and which structures form its ʻfloorʼ?

A

Roof = flexor retinaculum
Floor = carpal bones

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90
Q

Which nerve passes through carpal tunnel

A

Median nerve

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91
Q

How many layers are in the anterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?

A

3 - superficial, middle and deep
4,1,3

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92
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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93
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

94
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the function of each of these muscles?

A

Pronation = Pronator teres
Others = Flexion of wrist

95
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.

○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?

A

Median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris which is ulnar nerve

96
Q

Name and identify the muscle of the intermediate layer.
○ What is its function? Which nerve supplies it?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexion of digits 2-5
- median nerve

97
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer.
○ What are the functions of these muscles?
○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus- Flexion of digits 2-5. Lateral half =Median nerve, medial half = ulnar nerve
Flexor pollicis longus- Flexion of thumb, median nerve
Pronator quadratus- pronation, median nerve

98
Q

How many layers are in the posterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?

A

2 - superficial and deep
7, 5

99
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi

100
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.
○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate?
○ What is the function of each of these muscles?
○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extension of wrist
Radial nerve

101
Q

Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer.
○ What are the functions of these muscles?
○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?

A

Supinator
Extensor pollicis longus
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis

102
Q

The radiocarpal (ʻwristʼ) joint - which carpal bones are involved in this joint?

A

Radius
Scaphoid
Lunate

103
Q

Middle phalanges - which digit doesnʼt include this bone?

A

Thumb

104
Q

What names are used to name the individual digits to avoid confusion in clinical practice?

A

Thumb
Index
Middle
Ring
Little

105
Q

Carpometacarpal joints (CMCJs)
○ Which type of synovial joint is the first (thumb) CMCJ?
○ Which movements are possible at the first CMCJ?

A

Saddle
Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction, opposition

106
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs)
○ What is the laypersonʼs term for this joint?
○ Which type of synovial joint are the MCPJs?
○ Which movements are possible here?

A

Knuckles
Condyloid
Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction

107
Q

Interphalangeal joints (IPJs)
○ Which type of synovial joint are the IPJs?
○ Which bones are separated by the PIPJ and the DIPJ?
○ Which digit only has one IPJ?
○ Which movements are possible at these joints?

A

Hinge
Proximal and middle then middle and distal
Thumb
Flexion and extension

108
Q

How is the plane of movement different in thumb flexion and extension compared to finger flexion?

A

Thumb - coronal plane
Fingers - saggital plane

109
Q

Which other movements combine to create opposition?

A

Abduction

110
Q

Recall the five main terminal branches of the brachial plexus.

A

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar

111
Q

Which spinal nerves carry sensory information from the skin of the upper limb?

A

C4-T1

112
Q

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their axillary nerve a er a dislocation of their shoulder, which area of skin would be affected?

A

Area over shoulder

113
Q

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of C7, which
areas of skin would be affected?
○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?

A

Middle finger
- Musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar

114
Q

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of T1, which areas of skin would be affected?
○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?

A

Medial side of forearm
- ulnar, median, radial

115
Q

Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist flexion (3)?

○ Which nerve supplies these muscles

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
- median nerve/ ulnar nerve

116
Q

Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger flexion (2) and thumb flexion (1)? - demonstrate this yourself.
○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - median - middle phalanx
Flexor digitorum profundus - lateral half = median , medial half = ulnar - distal phalanx
Flexor pollicis longus- median - distal phalanx

117
Q

Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the fingers?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

118
Q

Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis longus

119
Q

Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist extension (3)?
○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
- radial nerve

120
Q

Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger extension?

○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?
○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits?

A

Extensor digitorum
Extensor digit minimi
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
- radial nerve
- extensor expansion

121
Q

Which digits have more than one extensor muscle acting on them?

A

Index finger
Little finger

122
Q

Which forearm muscles contribute to the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Extensor pollicis longus- medial
Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus - lateral

123
Q

Anatomical snuffbox-

● Which vein and nerve travel over the surface?
● Which artery is palpable within it?
● Which bone forms the floor?

A

Cephalic vein
Radial nerve
Radial artery
Scaphoid

124
Q

How many muscles are located within the thenar eminence?
○ What is the name and function of each muscle?
○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

A

3
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

Recurrent branch of median nerve

125
Q

How many muscles are located within the hypothenar eminence?
○ What is the name and function of each muscle?
○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

A

3
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

Deep branch of ulnar nerve

126
Q

How many lumbricals are there in the hand?

A

4

127
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

Flex the MCP joint
Extend the IP joint

128
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lumbricals?

A

Lateral 2 - median nerve
Medial 2 - ulnar nerve

129
Q

How many palmar interossei are there in the hand?

A

3

130
Q

What is the function of the palmar interossei?

A

Adduct the fingers

131
Q

What is the nerve supply of the palmar interossei?

A

Ulnar nerve

132
Q

How many dorsal interossei are there in the hand?

A

4

133
Q

What is the function of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction

134
Q

What is the nerve supply of the dorsal interossei?

A

Ulnar nerve

135
Q

Which nerve is affected by a fracture to neck of humerus

A

Axillary

136
Q

Which nerve is affected by fracture to mid shaft humerus

A

Radial

137
Q

Which nerve is affected by fracture to elbow

A

Ulnar

138
Q

Acetabulum - which bone articulates with the pelvis here?

A

Femur

139
Q

Obturator foramen - which nerve passes through this foramen?

A

Obturator nerve

140
Q

Iliac crest - what is the name of the line between the two iliac crests?

A

Intercristal line at L4

141
Q

○ Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
■ Which large nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sciatic nerve

142
Q

Femoral head - what is the name of the socket which it fits into? What attaches to the small depression in the centre of the femoral head?

A

Acetabulum
- ligament of the head of the femur

143
Q

Femoral neck - what is the significance of the blood supply around the femoral neck and head in neck-of-femur (NOF) fractures?

A

Damage to the artery to the Ligamentum teres and lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries will cause a vascular necrosis of the head of the femur

144
Q

Which muscles insert onto the lesser trochanter?

A

Iliacus
Psoas major

145
Q

What type of synovial joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket

146
Q

What features of the hip joint provide it with good stability?

A

Ligaments - iliofemoral , pubofemoral and ischiofemoral
Acetabulum labrum deepens the joint ensuring a tight fit

147
Q

Which muscles in the torso and pelvis are the primary hip flexors?

A

Iliacus
Psoas makor

148
Q

● What are the names of the three hip ligaments? What do they attach to?

A

Iliofemoral - ilium
Pubofemoral - pubic
Ischiofemoral - ischium

149
Q

Which bones articulate at the knee joint? What are the names of the bony processes of these bones that are part of the knee joint?

A

Femur - femoral condyles
Tibia - tibial condyles at the tibial plateau

150
Q

What type of synovial joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge

151
Q

How does the knee lock in place in full extension? What is the purpose of this and how is it ʻunlockedʼ?

A

Femur rotates a very small amount as the knee reaches full extension
Unlocked by popliteal muscle

152
Q

Which groups of muscles are responsible for flexion and extension of the knee?

A

Anterior and posterior thigh miscles

153
Q

What is the name and role of the large pieces of cartilage within the knee joint?
○ Which one is more firmly tethered and less mobile? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Medial and lateral menisci - deepen the tibial condyles in order to improve the fit at the knee joint
Medial is more firmly tethered as it is attached to the medial collateral ligament making it more prone to injury if the knee is twisted

154
Q

What are the main 4 ligaments that support the knee joint? What movements are they responsible for preventing?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments - lateral movement of the knee
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

155
Q

How is the shape of the patella and femur adapted to prevent dislocation? Which muscle assists further with preventing dislocation?

A

The distal fibres of the Vastus medialis are arranged horizontally to prevent lateral movement of the patella
The patellofemoral joint has a larger ridge laterally to prevent lateral dislocation

156
Q

What is the primary artery that supplies the anterior thigh?
○ Where could we access this artery for vascular procedures?

A

Femoral artery
- femoral triangle

157
Q

What is the primary artery that supplies the medial thigh?

A

Obturator arteyr

158
Q

What are the primary arteries that supply the gluteal region?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

159
Q

How does the posterior thigh receive its blood supply?

A

Profunda femoris - branch of femoral artery

160
Q

what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

When it transverses the adductor hiatus

161
Q

Which nerves supply the gluteus muscles

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves
- branch of sacral plexus

162
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the femoral nerve?
○ What is the name of the sensory branch of this nerve, and which area of skin does it supply?
○ Where could we access the femoral nerve to provide regional anaesthesia if required?

A

L2-L4
Saphenous nerve- skin over the thigh
Femoral triangle

163
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

164
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve? This nerve is really just made up of two large nerves stuck together, what are the names of these two nerves?

A

L4-S3
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

165
Q

How many muscles are located in the anterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

7
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus
Iliopsoas

166
Q

Anterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?

A

Extension of the knee

167
Q

What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

A

Femoral nerve

168
Q

Anterior thigh - Four of the muscles have a common insertion. What is the name of this group of muscles?
○ What bone do these muscles insert onto?
○ One of these muscles also acts on the hip. Which muscle is this, and what is its action on the hip joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- rectus femoris - Flexion of hip

169
Q

One of the muscles, sartorius, is very long and thin. Identify it.
○ What is its origin? What are its 3 functions?

A

ASIS
Flex and externally rotate hip
Flex knee

170
Q

psoas major and iliacus in the previous block of study. Identify them on the model. What is their insertion point on the femur?

A

Lesser trochanter

171
Q

How many muscles are located in the medial thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus

172
Q

Medial thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?

A

Adduction of the hip

173
Q

Medial thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles? Which muscle has dual innervation?
○ What is the name of the gap between the two parts of this muscle?
○ What passes through this gap?

A

Obturator nerve
Adductor Magnus-
adductor part = Obturator
hamstring part = tibial nerve of sciatic nerve
Adductor hiatus- femoral artery and vein

174
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial = adductor longus
Lateral - sartorius
Roof = inguinal ligament
Floor= Iliopsoas and Pectineus

175
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial?

A

Femoral nerve, artery, vein , lymphatic

176
Q

Which superficial vein drains into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

A

Great saphenous vein

177
Q

How many muscles are located in the gluteal region? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae

Obturator internus
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris

178
Q

largest muscle in the body is located here, the gluteus maximus.
○ What are the functions of this muscle?

A

Extensor of the hip

179
Q

There are two other gluteus muscles deep to it. What are their names?
○ What is the function of these two muscles?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
- abduct and internally rotate hip

180
Q

What is the collective function of the 5 smaller and deeper muscles in this region?

A

Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip

181
Q

Which large nerve passes over the surface of piriformis?

A

Sciatic

182
Q

How many muscles are located in the posterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring part of adductor Magnus

183
Q

Posterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles, on both the hip and knee?

A

Extend hip
Flex knee

184
Q

Posterior thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

A

Common fibular nerve of sciatic nerve

185
Q

Posterior thigh - What is the origin of all of these muscles?

A

Ischial tuberosity

186
Q

Tibia:
○ Condyles and plateaus - which other bone is the plateau in contact with?

A

Femur

187
Q

Tibial tuberosity - which structure attaches to this tuberosity?

A

Patellar tendon (common tendon of quadriceps femoris muscles)

188
Q

Soleal line - which muscle attaches to this part of the tibia?

A

Soleus

189
Q

Head and neck - Which nerve runs close to this part of the fibula and is vulnerable to injury here?

A

Common fibular nervr

190
Q

Talus - which parts of the talus contribute to the ankle joint?

A

Trochlea of the talus (curved dome)

191
Q

Navicular - which other tarsal bones does the navicular articulate with?

A

Talus
Cuboid
3 cuneiform bones

192
Q

Cuboid and cuneiform bones
○ Which type of synovial joints separate the tarsal bones?

A

Plane

193
Q

Metatarsals and Phalanges - how many phalanges are there for each toe?

A

3

194
Q

Which bones of the foot are in contact with the ground when standing?

A

Calcaneus
Metatarsals and phalanges

195
Q

Do you know the name of the joint condition that commonly affects the 1st MTPJ?
It causes swelling and pain in the joint as crystals are deposited in the synovium.

A

Gout

196
Q

What type of synovial joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge

197
Q

What features of the ankle joint provide it with stability?

A

Medial and lateral ligaments
Medial and lateral malleolus form a mortise for the talus

198
Q

ʻAnkle sprainsʼ are common. What is the most common excessive movement that occurs in this region that leads to an ankle sprain?
○ Which ligament do you think is most commonly sprained?

A

Inversion of the foot
Damage to lateral ligaments

199
Q

Which bones are classically fractured in an ʻankle fractureʼ?

A

Lateral and medial malleolus

200
Q

How many muscles are located in the anterior compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius

201
Q

Anterior compartment of leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

A

Dorsiflexion
Extension of toes

202
Q

Anterior leg compartment - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

A

Deep fibular nerve

203
Q

How many muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

204
Q

Lateral leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

A

Eversion

205
Q

Lateral leg - What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

206
Q

Lateral leg - Which bony structure do both of the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot?

A

Lateral malleolus

207
Q

The tendon of fibularis brevis may be stretched during forced inversion of the foot. This may lead to an avulsion fracture of where it inserts. What is the insertion point of this muscle?

A

5th metatarsal

208
Q

Superficial compartment:
● How many muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
○ Can you name all of them?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

209
Q

Superficial posterior leg - What is the function of these muscles?

A

Plantarflexion

210
Q

Superficial posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

A

Tibial nerve

211
Q

Which bony structure do all of the tendons of these superficial posterior muscles insert onto? What is the name of their common tendon?

A

Calcaneus
Achilles tendom

212
Q

Other than its function of moving the foot, what other important role does Plantaris play in the leg?

A

Flexion of knee

213
Q

Deep compartment:
● How many muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
○ Can you name all of them?

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Popliteus

214
Q

Deep posterior leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

A

Plantarflexion
Flexion of toes
Popliteus - Lateral rotation of the femur relative to the tibia

215
Q

Deep posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

A

Tibial nerebe

216
Q

Deep posterior leg - Which bony structure do the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot? What is the name of the tunnel through which they pass?

A

Medial malleolus
Tarsal tunnel

217
Q

Describe the role of popliteus in relation to the knee joint.

A

Lateral rotation of femur to allow Flexion of knee

218
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the dorsum of the foot that inserts onto the tendons of extensor digitorum?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

219
Q

How many layers of muscles are there in the sole of the foot?

A

4

220
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles of the sole of the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves- branch of tibial nerve

221
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superior- Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, biceps femoris
Inferior - 2 heads of gastrocnemius

222
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa, from lateral to medial?

A

Popliteal artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve

223
Q

Which superficial vein drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?

A

Great saphenous vein

224
Q

Point to the region of the tarsal tunnel on yourself.
● Which tendons pass through it?

A

Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

225
Q

Tarsal tunnel- Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ, and which two bones does it connect?

A

Flexor retinaculum - medial malleolus and calcaneus

226
Q

Tarsal tunnel - Which nerve, artery and vein pass through it?

A

Tibial nerve
Posterior tibial artery and vein

227
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located? What landmarks can you use to find it?

A

palpable over the dorsum of the foot, just lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus, between the first and second metatarsals

228
Q

venous drainage of the lower limb from foot to the heart.
○ What are the names of the two main superficial veins?
○ Which one is located anterior to the medial malleolus?
○ Which one is o ften used as a graft for coronary arteries?

A

Great and small saphenous veins
- great saphenous vein
- great saphenous vein

229
Q

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their common fibular nerve a fter a fracture of the proximal fibula, which areas of skin would be affected?

A

Lateral leg and dorsum of foot

230
Q

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their sciatic nerve a er a penetrating injury to their gluteal region, which areas of skin would be affected?

A

Lateral leg and entire foot

MSK anatomy (13 decks)

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