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Immuno Exam 2 > Active Immunization > Flashcards

Active Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

Immunoprophylaxis

A

active immunization (administration of vaccines that induce an immune espouse)

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2
Q

Ideal vaccine is

A

cheap, stable, prolonged immunity, no adverse effects, effective with 1 administration, immune response different than natural infection

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3
Q

Herd immunity

A

large enough number of individual vaccinated in a population to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases

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4
Q

The percentage of people in the population that must be immune to maintain herd immunity is dependent on

A

the attack rate of the infectious agent

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5
Q

Attack rate

A

number of infected individuals compared to the number of total exposed

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6
Q

killed/inactive whole organism vaccines

A

Infectious pathogen is inactivated by physical or chemical methods, the pathogen is no longer viable and can no longer replicate

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7
Q

killed/inactive whole organism vaccine examples:

A

influenza, pertussis, rabies, hepatitis A, intramuscular poliovirus, anthrax

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8
Q

What pathway primarily processes killed/inactive whole organism vaccines?

A

exogenous antigen processing pathway and induces primarily a Th2 (antibody-predominant) response

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9
Q

The major downfall to killed/inactive whole organism vaccines?

A

weak responses since organisms do not replicate, therefore multiple doses are required

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10
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

live organism that can replicate but has lost its virulence factor

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11
Q

What pathway primarily processes live attenuated vaccines?

A

Endogenous and exogenous pathways for the production of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses

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12
Q

Since the organism can replicate

A

fewer “booster” shots are needed

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13
Q

The major downfall to live attenuated vaccines?

A

they are unstable and may revert back to a virulent form, especially if administered to an immunocompromised individual

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14
Q

Examples of attenuated vaccines:

A

MMR, chickenpox, rotavirus, TB, adenovirus, vaccinia, yellow fever, influenza

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15
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines

A

purified macromolecules from the pathogen, particularly those providing the main virulence factor to the organism

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16
Q

What pathway primarily processes purified macromolecule vaccines?

A

exogenous antigen processing pathway and induces primarily a Th2 (antibody-predominant) response and require boosters

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17
Q

What type of macromolecules are used?

A

toxins, polysaccharides, subviron particles, recombinant vaccines

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18
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (toxin)

A

if the organisms main virulence is toxin, the toxins purified and inactivated - eliminates toxicity and maintains immunogenicity

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19
Q

Examples of purified macromolecule vaccines (toxin)

A

tetanus, diptheria, botulism

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20
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (polysaccharides)

A

capsular polysaccharides are type II T-independent antigens, short-lived immunity, IgM only, ineffective in children under 2

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21
Q

Examples of purified macromolecule vaccines (polysaccharides)

A

meningococccal, pneumococcal, influenza type B

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22
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (subviron)

A

particles that are exposed when organism is treated with lipid solvents to remove envelope

23
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines - Recombinant vaccines

A

genes encoding immunogenic antigens are inserted into (yeast, bacteria) organisms, grown up, and purified

24
Q

Examples of Purified macromolecule vaccines - Recombinant vaccines

A

Hep B, HPV, Lyme disease

25
Q

Recombinant vector vaccine

A

genes encoding for an antigen are cloned into an avirulent or attenuated virus or bacteria; they replicate and produce the antigen, but are avirulent

26
Q

What pathway primarily processes recombinant vector vaccines?

A

endogenous and exogenous pathways (antibody and cell-mediated), major downfall like live vaccines is that they may become virulent

27
Q

Injection of naked DNA

A

DNA encodes a promoter and antigenic sequence. Once in cells DNA is expressed and the antigenic peptides are targeted for exogenous and endogenous destruction

28
Q

Monovalent vs Multivalent vaccines

A

describes the number of species or strains OR number of different components (subunits)

29
Q

Hepatits B vaccine (valency)

A

single recombinantly produced Ag - univalent

30
Q

MMR vaccine (valency)

A

trivalent

31
Q

Acellular pertussis vaccine (valency)

A

subunit with 4 purified antigenic components - quadrivalent

32
Q

Pneumococcal (valency)

A

23-valent

33
Q

Gardasil (HPV) vaccine (valency)

A

quadrivalent (HPV-16, -18, -6, -11)

34
Q

Agents used to killed and toxoid vaccines

A

Formalin/formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, beta-propiolactone, physical inactivation

35
Q

Formalin/formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde fixed vaccines

A

cross-links a.a.s or proteins and conserves basic structure, but may destroy antigenic integrity

36
Q

Adverse effects of using formalin/formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde

A

hypersensitivity response, exacerbated hand eczema, potential carcinogenicity (not shown experimentally)

37
Q

Beta-propiolactone fixed vaccines

A

cross-links nucleic acid chains and kills without affecting antigenic structure

38
Q

physical inactivation of fixed vaccines

A

UV light, heat, irradiation

39
Q

Producing a live vaccine

A

tissue culture, animal passage, induced mutations (heat-sensitivity)

40
Q

Subunit/component vaccine

A

purified subunits of organism without hyper sensitizing agents

41
Q

Adjuvants

A

chemical agents used in vaccines to enhance the normal immune response, prevent dispersion of antigen and form a depot of antigen at the injection site

42
Q

Adjuvants approved for vaccines

A

alum, AS04

43
Q

Neomycin may be present in vaccines

A

to prevent bacterial growth during the vaccine production process; antibiotic binds 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. May cause hypersensitivities topically, but not shown with injection

44
Q

2-Phenoxyethanol may be present in vaccines

A

preservative and is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms that contaminate vaccines

45
Q

Thimerosal may be present in vaccines

A

composed of organic mercury and thiosalicylate; preservative, potential for hypersensitivity, many concerns of mercury poisoning and links to autism have not been confirmed, allergies is common but not in vaccine

46
Q

Contraindications to immunizations

A

immunocompromised (live vaccines), allergy to vaccine components, pregnancy (live vaccines) - nonviable during 2-3trimesters is ok, infections/diseases, recent globulin administration, immunosuppressive therapy

47
Q

pertussis paradigm

A

whole cell pertussis vaccine causes 2 deaths in Japan, over the next 4 years 13,000 people died from pertussis

48
Q

BCG (TB vaccine) doesn’t cause disease because

A

it isn’t a human pathogen strain and it is attenuated in culture

49
Q

Recommended vaccines for newborns?

A

Hepatitis B

50
Q

Recommended vaccines for infants?

A

Rotavirus, Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus (DTaP), Hib, pneumococcal conjugate, poliovirus

51
Q

Recommended vaccines for 1 year olds?

A

MMR, Varicella, hepatitis A, yearly flu shot,

52
Q

Recommended vaccines for 11-12 year olds?

A

HPV, pneumococcal polysaccharide, meningococcal

53
Q

Recommended vaccines for adults?

A

zoster, flu, Tdap every 10 years, HPV booster, varicella booster, MMR, meningococcal, Hep A and B, Hib, pneuomococcal

Immuno Exam 2 (6 decks)

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