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System operations > Action Potential and NS > Flashcards

Action Potential and NS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common ion in the cytoplasm

A

Potassium (K+)

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2
Q

What is the most common ion in extracellular fluid

A

Sodium (Na+)

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3
Q

What is passive transport

A

Substances moving across the plasma membrane without using energy (ATP)

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4
Q

What is active transport

A

Cellular energy (ATP) is used to move substances across the plasma membrane (usually agaisnt their concentration gradient)

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5
Q

What’s the difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary uses ATP. Secondary uses the electrochemical gradient that is created by primary transport

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6
Q

How does the Na+/K+ ATPase work

A

Moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and moves 2 K+ into the cell (moves the ions agaisnt their concentration gradient)

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7
Q

What is affinity

A

The strength with which a messenger binds to a receptor

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8
Q

What’s an agonist?

A

Substance that binds to and activates a receptor and mimics the effects of a messenger.

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9
Q

What’s an antagonist?

A

Fake messenger + blocks the receptor, thereby preventing the messenger from exerting its effect.

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10
Q

What is the somatic NS?

A

CNS to skeletal muscle. Voluntary

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11
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Voluntary movement

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12
Q

What is the autonomic NS

A

CNS to smooth muslce, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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13
Q

What is a ganglion

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS

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14
Q

What is a nucleus

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

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15
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

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16
Q

What is a tract

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS

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17
Q

What are sensory/afferent neurons?

A

Make up the afferent division of the PNS. Sends action potentials to the CNS.

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18
Q

What are motor/efferent neurons

A

Make up the efferent division of the PNS and is further divided into somatic motor neurons and autonomic motor neurons. Sends action potentials away from the CNS to the effector.

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19
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons that are located entirely within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. 99% of all neurons are interneurons. Responsible for processing sensory information and creating a response.

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20
Q

What are the neuroglia of the CNS

A
  • Astrocytes (BBB),
  • Oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)
  • Microglia (immune cells)
  • Ependymal cells (CSF production).
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21
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schawnn cells and satellite cells

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22
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Myelinated axons

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23
Q

What is the gray matter made of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmeylinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

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24
Q

Does a membrane have more K+ or Na+ leak channels?

A

K+ (membrane has a higher permeability to K+)

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25
Q

What are the phases of an action potential

A

Depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

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26
Q

What happens during depolarization

A

Membrane reaches threshold (-55). Na+ voltage gated channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell (increasing membrane permeability to Na+). At 30mv Na+ channels close

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27
Q

What happens during repolarization

A

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open and potassium rushes out of the cell, causing the membrane potential to go from +30 mV to -70 mV. K+ channels begin to close

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28
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization

A

K+ voltage gated channels close slowly causing K+ to still be leaving the cell, bringing the membrane potential below resting membrane potential (-70mV)

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29
Q

What is the absolute refractory period

A

Even a strong stimulus can’t initiate a second action potential

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30
Q

What is the relative refractory period

A

A second action potential can be initiated but only by a larger then normal stimulus.

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31
Q

What are the consequences of an increase or decrease in extracellular concentration of K+

A
  • Increased extracellular K+ concentration causes a decrease in the K+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane which decreases neuronal excitability.
  • Decreased extraellular K+ concentration causes an increase in the K+ concentration gradient resulting in increased neuronal excitability.
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32
Q

What are the consequences of an increase or decrease in extracellular concentration of Na+

A
  • Increase in extracellular Na+ concentration causes an increase in the Na+ concentration gradient, resulting in increased neuronal excitability.
  • Decrease extracellular Na+ concentration causes a decrease in the concentration gradient, resulting in decreased neuronal excitability.
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33
Q

What are the consequences of an increase or decrease in extracellular concentration of Ca2+

A
  • Calcium ions in the ECF bind to the extracellular surfaces of voltage gated Na+ channels and increase the voltage that these channels require to open.
  • Increased Ca2+ ECF concentration decreases neuronal excitability.
  • Decreased Ca2+ ECF concentration increases neuronal excitability.
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34
Q

What NT do cholinergic neurons secrete

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

35
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

36
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

In the CNS and at neuromuscular junctions.

37
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

In the CNS and in the autonomic PNS

38
Q

What kind of effect do nicotinic ACh receptors have on neuron excitability?

A

Causes excitation of the postsynaptic cell. (brings cell closer to depo.)

39
Q

What kind of effect do muscarinic ACh receptors have on neuron excitability?

A

Causes excitation or inhibition of postsynaptic cell.

40
Q

What is GABA primary function?

A

It’s an inhibitory NT of the CNS

41
Q

What kind of receptors do NE and Epi bind to?

A

Adrenergic receptors

42
Q

What processes is dopamine involved with?

A

Involved in emtional responses and in the regulation of skeletal muscle tone.

43
Q

What processes is serotonin (5-HT) involved with?

A

Sensory perception, temperature regulation, control of mood, appetite, and induction of sleep.

44
Q

What are the 2 types of coverings that protect the spinal cord

A

Vertabrae and meninges

45
Q

What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

A

8 pairs of cervival nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.

46
Q

What is the Dorsal root

A

Contains sensory axons (nerve impulse goes to the brain)

47
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion

A

Contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

48
Q

What is the ventral root

A

Contains axons of motor neurons (impulse from CNS to effector)

49
Q

What are the divisions of gray matter within the spinal cord

A

Dorsal gray horns, ventral gray horns, and lateral gray horns

50
Q

What is the use of the dorsal gray horns?

A

Contains axons of incoming sensory neurons and contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons

51
Q

What is the use of the ventral gray horns?

A

Contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that convey AP to skeletal muscles

52
Q

What is the use of the lateral gray horns?

A

Contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that convey AP to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

53
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord

A

Serves as the highway for action potential propagation

54
Q

What is the function of gray matter in the spinal cord

A

Receives and intergrates incoming and outgoing information.

55
Q

What are the protective features of the brain

A

Cranium, meninges, blood-brain barrier, and cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. Carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.

57
Q

What are the consequences of changes in ionic composition of CSF

A

Causes disruption of the production of action potentials and postsynaptic potentials.

58
Q

Why does the brain need a continuous supply of glucose

A

Neurons synthezise ATP almost exclusively from glucose. Glucose isn’t stored in the brain, so the supply of glucose must be continuous.

59
Q

What are some complications of low blood glucose

A

Mental confusion, dizziness, convulsion, and LOC.

60
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibuloccochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

61
Q

What is the type and function of the Olfactory nerve

A

Sensory. Conveys olfactory input from the nose

62
Q

What is the type and function of the Optic nerve

A

Sensory. Conveys visual input from the eye

63
Q

What is the type and function of the Occulomotor nerve

A

Motor. Controls eye movements, pupillary constriction, and accomodation of the lens for near vision

64
Q

What is the type and function of the Trochlear nerve

A

Motor. Controls eye movement

65
Q

What is the type and function of the Trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory and motor. Conveys touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature input from the face, nose, and mouth. Controls chewing muscles.

66
Q

What is the type and function of the Abducens nerve

A

Motor. Controls eye movement

67
Q

What is the type and function of the Facial nerve

A

Sensory and motor. Conveys taste input from tongue. Controls muscle of facial expression and stimulates secretion of saliva and tears.

68
Q

What is the type and function of the Vestibuloccochlear nerve

A

Sensory. Conveys hearing and equilibrium (balance) input from the inner ear.

69
Q

What is the type and function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Sensory and motor. Controls muscles of the pharynx involved in swallowing.

70
Q

What is the type and function of the Vagus nerve

A

Sensory and motor. Controls muscles in thoracic and abdominal organs and muscles of pharynx and larynx involved in swallowing and vocalization.

71
Q

What is the type and function of the Accessory nerve

A

Motor. Controls muscles that move the head and neck.

72
Q

What is the type and function of the Hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor. Controls tongue movement

73
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain

A

brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

74
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

75
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Cardiovascular center (contractility, HR, BP). Medullary respiratory center. Controls reflexes for vomiting.

76
Q

What is the function of the Pons

A

Relay center of voluntary movement to the cerebellum. Pontine respiratory center which works with the medullary respiratory center.

77
Q

What is the function of the midbrain

A

Plays a role in controlling body movements.

78
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Plays a role in motor movement regulation and balance control.

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pineal gland.

80
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus

A

Information relay station to the cerebtal cortex.

81
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis (HR, body temp., circadian rhythm, regulation of eating and drinking). The blood stream carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, where they stimulate or inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Synthesize oxytocin and ADH, which are transported to the posterior pituitary gland where they are released. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns.

82
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei

A

Help initiate body movements, supress unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone

83
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotions

System operations (14 decks)

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