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GAP Exam 3 > Action Potential and Neurons > Flashcards

Action Potential and Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Pumps 3 Na+ into the cell and 2 K+ out of the cell
Helps restore neuron to -70mV while at rest
Pump moves ions against concentration gradient (Uses ATP)

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2
Q

Leakage Channels

A

K+ leakage channels allow K+ to move passively in and out of a cell to reach a voltage of -70mV
This is operational at rest

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3
Q

Connection point between two neurons

A

Synapse

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4
Q

Connection point between a nerve and a muscle

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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5
Q

Types of channels in neuron membrane

A

Chemically gated
Voltage gated
Leak Channel
Potassium/Sodium pump

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6
Q

Chemically gated channel

A

Opens when a chemical binds with the door of the gate

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7
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

Opens when a certain voltage (Threshold) is reached

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8
Q

What voltage opens K+

A

+30mV

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9
Q

What voltage opens Na+

A

-55mV

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10
Q

What are the principles of Electricity

A

Voltage
Current
Resistance

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11
Q

Voltage

A

The separation of charge inside and outside a cell

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12
Q

Current

A

The movement of ions into and out of a cell

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13
Q

Resistance

A

The cell membrane inhibiting movement of ions

This is changed when a channel is opened

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14
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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15
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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16
Q

What does EPSP do

A

Moves a neuron closer to threshold (-55mV)/ Makes cell less negative inside
(EX: moving Na+ into the cell)

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17
Q

What does IPSP do

A

Moves the neuron further away from threshold/Makes the inside of a cell more negative
(EX: adding Cl- to a cell)

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18
Q

Types of graded potentials

A

EPSP

IPSP

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19
Q

Phases of Action Potential

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

Chemically gated Na+ channel opens allowing Na+ to rush into cell causing voltage to become less negative. Once voltage reaches -55mV voltage gated Na+ channels open allowing even more Na+ to enter the cell. This brings voltage closer together on inside and outside of a cell until it reaches +30mV in and out

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

Once +30mV is reached Na+ channels close and K+ channels open allowing K+ to flow out of the cell bringing the negativity inside the cell back down. This helps return the voltage in the cell back to -70mV

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22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

K+ channels are slow to close which allows excess flow of K+ out of a cell. This can cause the voltage to exceed -70mV
This requires a stronger graded potential in order to generate another action potential

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23
Q

Refractory Periods

A

Absolute

Relative

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24
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

No stimuli can generate another action potential (While axon is firing)

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25
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Another Action potential is possible, but it will need to overcome hyperpolarization

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26
Q

Determining weak vs. strong stimuli

A

ALL ACTION POTENTIALS HAVE THE SAME STRENGTH
strength of stimulus is based on frequency of action potential (whether or not a stimulus can overcome hyperpolarization or wait for normal polarization)

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27
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

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28
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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29
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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30
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Sensory(Afferent) and Motor(Efferent)

31
Q

Divisions of Sensory Nervous System

A

Somatic and Visceral

32
Q

Somatic Sensory Characteristics

A 
Conscious stimuli (Aware)
Touch, pressure, temperature, ect.
33
Q

Visceral Sensory Characteristics

A 
Unconscious Stimuli (Unaware)
Regulating blood pressure, HR, Ect.
34
Q

Divisions of Motor Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic

35
Q

Somatic Motor Characteristics

A

Voluntary control of muscles

36
Q

Autonomic Motor Characteristics

A

Involuntary control of muscles (Cardiac, Smooth, Glandular secretion)

37
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Divisions

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

38
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

“Fight or Flight”

Initiates response to escape danger (Increase HR, RR, dilate airways (All increases blood flow))

39
Q

Length of ganglions in sympathetic

A

Short pre ganglions

Long post ganglions

40
Q

Parasympathetic Characteristics

A

“Rest and Digest”
Helps conserve energy and restore nutrients (Lower HR, Blood pressure, ect.)
Opposite effects of sympathetic

41
Q

Length of ganglions in parasympathetic

A

Long pre ganglions

Short post ganglions

42
Q

Nerves origin sympathetic

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions

Thoracolumbar division

43
Q

Nerves origin parasympathetic

A

Cranial and Sacral Regions

Craniosacral Division

44
Q

Function of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Maintain homeostasis

45
Q

Function of a Neuron

A

Transmits impulses via action potential

46
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrite
Cell Body (Soma)
Axon

47
Q

Dendrite

A

Recieves signals and transmits them to cell body

48
Q

Cell Body

A

Can initiate signals or receive them from dendrites

49
Q

Axon

A

Carries action potentials away from the body

Release neurotransmitters from axon terminal to impact nearby structures (Nerves, muscles, glandular cells)

50
Q

Structural Classifications of Neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

51
Q

Multipolar

A

Several Dendrites and an Axon

52
Q

Bipolar

A

Has a single Dendrite and Single Axon

53
Q

Unipolar

A

Lacks dendrites and has a single Axon

54
Q

Continuous Conduction

A

Occurs in unmyelinated axons

Slower than Saltatory

55
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Mode of action potential along myelinated axons

Current flows across membrane a nodes

56
Q

Graded vs Action Potential

A

Graded potentials happen prior to an action potential

If a graded potential changes charge to reach threshold, an action potential occurs.

57
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Afferent

Carry action potential toward brain and spinal cord

58
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Efferent

Carry action potential away from brain and spinal cord

59
Q

Interneurons

A

Directly connect sensory and motor neurons within CNS
Integrate and process incoming signals
99% of all neurons

60
Q

Afferent

A

Neurons that receive information from sensory organs (Eyes, Skin, Ect.) and transmit this input to CNS

61
Q

Efferent

A

Neurons that send impulses from the CNS to your limbs and organs

62
Q

Neurotransmitter used by sympathetic nervous system

A

pre ganglions - acetylcholine

post ganglions - epinephrine and norepinephrine

63
Q

Neurotransmitter used by parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

64
Q

Membrane layers that surround nervous tissue

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

65
Q

Epineurium

A

Most external, covers entire nerve

66
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle sheath, surround groups of axons

67
Q

Endoneurium

A

Inner layer, surround individual axons

68
Q

Antagonistic Effects of ANS

A

Effect produced by the contrasting actions of two chemical groups
EX: opposing actions of insulin and glucagon

69
Q

Cooperative effects of ANS

A

Effectors that reinforce eachother

EX:sexual arousal involves parasympathetic while orgasm involves sympathetic

70
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Gather information from environment and send to the brain

71
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Tell muscles to contract

Efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from spinal cord to the effectors to produce effects

72
Q

Mixed Nerves

A

Contain both afferent and efferent axons

Conduct both incoming sensory info and outgoing muscle commands

73
Q

Factors that impact conduction velocity

A 
Axon Diameter (larger fibers have faster conduction)
Myelination(myelinated fibers have faster conduction)

GAP Exam 3 (5 decks)

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