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GAP Exam 3 > Action Potential and Neurons > Flashcards

Action Potential and Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Pumps 3 Na+ into the cell and 2 K+ out of the cell
Helps restore neuron to -70mV while at rest
Pump moves ions against concentration gradient (Uses ATP)

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2
Q

Leakage Channels

A

K+ leakage channels allow K+ to move passively in and out of a cell to reach a voltage of -70mV
This is operational at rest

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3
Q

Connection point between two neurons

A

Synapse

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4
Q

Connection point between a nerve and a muscle

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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5
Q

Types of channels in neuron membrane

A

Chemically gated
Voltage gated
Leak Channel
Potassium/Sodium pump

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6
Q

Chemically gated channel

A

Opens when a chemical binds with the door of the gate

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7
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

Opens when a certain voltage (Threshold) is reached

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8
Q

What voltage opens K+

A

+30mV

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9
Q

What voltage opens Na+

A

-55mV

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10
Q

What are the principles of Electricity

A

Voltage
Current
Resistance

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11
Q

Voltage

A

The separation of charge inside and outside a cell

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12
Q

Current

A

The movement of ions into and out of a cell

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13
Q

Resistance

A

The cell membrane inhibiting movement of ions

This is changed when a channel is opened

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14
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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15
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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16
Q

What does EPSP do

A

Moves a neuron closer to threshold (-55mV)/ Makes cell less negative inside
(EX: moving Na+ into the cell)

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17
Q

What does IPSP do

A

Moves the neuron further away from threshold/Makes the inside of a cell more negative
(EX: adding Cl- to a cell)

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18
Q

Types of graded potentials

A

EPSP

IPSP

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19
Q

Phases of Action Potential

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

Chemically gated Na+ channel opens allowing Na+ to rush into cell causing voltage to become less negative. Once voltage reaches -55mV voltage gated Na+ channels open allowing even more Na+ to enter the cell. This brings voltage closer together on inside and outside of a cell until it reaches +30mV in and out

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

Once +30mV is reached Na+ channels close and K+ channels open allowing K+ to flow out of the cell bringing the negativity inside the cell back down. This helps return the voltage in the cell back to -70mV

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22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

K+ channels are slow to close which allows excess flow of K+ out of a cell. This can cause the voltage to exceed -70mV
This requires a stronger graded potential in order to generate another action potential

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23
Q

Refractory Periods

A

Absolute

Relative

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24
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

No stimuli can generate another action potential (While axon is firing)

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25
Relative Refractory Period
Another Action potential is possible, but it will need to overcome hyperpolarization
26
Determining weak vs. strong stimuli
ALL ACTION POTENTIALS HAVE THE SAME STRENGTH strength of stimulus is based on frequency of action potential (whether or not a stimulus can overcome hyperpolarization or wait for normal polarization)
27
Divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System | Peripheral Nervous System
28
CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
29
PNS
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
30
Divisions of PNS
Sensory(Afferent) and Motor(Efferent)
31
Divisions of Sensory Nervous System
Somatic and Visceral
32
Somatic Sensory Characteristics
``` Conscious stimuli (Aware) Touch, pressure, temperature, ect. ```
33
Visceral Sensory Characteristics
``` Unconscious Stimuli (Unaware) Regulating blood pressure, HR, Ect. ```
34
Divisions of Motor Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic
35
Somatic Motor Characteristics
Voluntary control of muscles
36
Autonomic Motor Characteristics
Involuntary control of muscles (Cardiac, Smooth, Glandular secretion)
37
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
Sympathetic | Parasympathetic
38
Sympathetic Nervous System
"Fight or Flight" | Initiates response to escape danger (Increase HR, RR, dilate airways (All increases blood flow))
39
Length of ganglions in sympathetic
Short pre ganglions | Long post ganglions
40
Parasympathetic Characteristics
"Rest and Digest" Helps conserve energy and restore nutrients (Lower HR, Blood pressure, ect.) Opposite effects of sympathetic
41
Length of ganglions in parasympathetic
Long pre ganglions | Short post ganglions
42
Nerves origin sympathetic
Thoracic and Lumbar regions | Thoracolumbar division
43
Nerves origin parasympathetic
Cranial and Sacral Regions | Craniosacral Division
44
Function of Autonomic Nervous System
Maintain homeostasis
45
Function of a Neuron
Transmits impulses via action potential
46
Parts of a Neuron
Dendrite Cell Body (Soma) Axon
47
Dendrite
Recieves signals and transmits them to cell body
48
Cell Body
Can initiate signals or receive them from dendrites
49
Axon
Carries action potentials away from the body | Release neurotransmitters from axon terminal to impact nearby structures (Nerves, muscles, glandular cells)
50
Structural Classifications of Neurons
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
51
Multipolar
Several Dendrites and an Axon
52
Bipolar
Has a single Dendrite and Single Axon
53
Unipolar
Lacks dendrites and has a single Axon
54
Continuous Conduction
Occurs in unmyelinated axons | Slower than Saltatory
55
Saltatory Conduction
Mode of action potential along myelinated axons | Current flows across membrane a nodes
56
Graded vs Action Potential
Graded potentials happen prior to an action potential | If a graded potential changes charge to reach threshold, an action potential occurs.
57
Sensory Neurons
Afferent | Carry action potential toward brain and spinal cord
58
Motor Neurons
Efferent | Carry action potential away from brain and spinal cord
59
Interneurons
Directly connect sensory and motor neurons within CNS Integrate and process incoming signals 99% of all neurons
60
Afferent
Neurons that receive information from sensory organs (Eyes, Skin, Ect.) and transmit this input to CNS
61
Efferent
Neurons that send impulses from the CNS to your limbs and organs
62
Neurotransmitter used by sympathetic nervous system
pre ganglions - acetylcholine | post ganglions - epinephrine and norepinephrine
63
Neurotransmitter used by parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
64
Membrane layers that surround nervous tissue
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
65
Epineurium
Most external, covers entire nerve
66
Perineurium
Middle sheath, surround groups of axons
67
Endoneurium
Inner layer, surround individual axons
68
Antagonistic Effects of ANS
Effect produced by the contrasting actions of two chemical groups EX: opposing actions of insulin and glucagon
69
Cooperative effects of ANS
Effectors that reinforce eachother | EX:sexual arousal involves parasympathetic while orgasm involves sympathetic
70
Sensory Nerves
Gather information from environment and send to the brain
71
Motor Nerves
Tell muscles to contract | Efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from spinal cord to the effectors to produce effects
72
Mixed Nerves
Contain both afferent and efferent axons | Conduct both incoming sensory info and outgoing muscle commands
73
Factors that impact conduction velocity
``` Axon Diameter (larger fibers have faster conduction) Myelination(myelinated fibers have faster conduction) ```

GAP Exam 3 (5 decks)

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