ACT NO. 12: Analysis Of Crude Drugs

Question 1

Reagents in Expt. 12

Answer 1

• Tsaang-gubat
• 10% Acetic acid in Ethanol
• Concentrated Ammonium Hydroxide Solution
• 20% Ammonium Hydroxide Solution

Question 2

What is a crude drug?

Answer 2

The products from plant and animal origin found in a raw form.

Question 3

USP in Crude Drugs

Answer 3

USP <56>

Question 4

Part 2 of Philippine Pharmacopeia lists the following test performed on crude plant drugs. These are:

Answer 4

a. Microscopic examination
b. TLC
c. Foreign matter
d. Loss on drying
e. Extractives
f. Total ash
g. Acid-insoluble ash
h. Volatile oil determination
i. Pesticide residues

Question 5

Allows more detailed examination of a drug and it can be used to identify the organised drugs by their known histological characters.

Answer 5

Microscropic Examination

Question 6

Mostly used for qualitative evaluation of organised crude drugs in entire and powdered forms.

Answer 6

Microscopic Examination

Question 7

Stains in Microscopic Examination can be used to distinguish ________________.

Answer 7

cellular structure

Question 8

This is phloroglucinol and concentrated hydrochloric acid give RED stain.

Answer 8

Lignin

Question 9

This stained pink with RHUTHENIUM RED.

Answer 9

Mucilage

Question 10

TLC principle

Answer 10

ADsorption

Question 11

TLC meaning

Answer 11

Thin Layer Chromatography

Question 12

Useful to analyse Alkaloids, Glycosides like all bio- constituents

Answer 12

TLC

Question 13

The parts of the organ or organs other than those parts of drugs mentioned in the definition and description of the drug are known as foreign organic matters.

Answer 13

Foreign Matter

Question 14

Amount of volatile matter of any kind that is driven off at _______ DEGREES CELSIUS.

Answer 14

110-120

Loss on Drying

Question 15

Presence of moisture in a crude drug can lead to its deterioration due to either activation of certain enzymes or growth of microbes.

Answer 15

Moisture Content

Question 16

Moisture Content can be determined by heating the drug at _______ in an oven to a constant weight and calculating the loss of weight.

Answer 16

150°C

Question 17

1. Gravimetric method (w,v)
2. Gravimetric method (e)
3. Azeotropic method or toluene distillation
4. Titrimetric method or karl fischer method
5. Dew point method
6. Electrolytic hygrometric

Answer 17

Methods for the determination of moisture content

Question 18

Water Content Determination Official Methods

Answer 18

Method 1. Titrimetric Method / Karl-Fischer Method

Method 2. Azeotropic Method / Toluene Distillation Method

Method 3. Gravimetric Method / Drying / Thermal Method

Question 19

1 mL of the reagent is equivalent to approximately 5 milligrams of water

1 mL of Reagent = 5 mg of H2O

Answer 19

Method 1. Titrimetric Method / Karl-Fischer Method

Question 20

Primary standard KARL FISHER REAGENT

Answer 20

Na Tartrate

Question 21

This react with water to SO3

Answer 21

Sulfur dioxide

Question 22

Prevent reversibility of rxn

Answer 22

Pyridine

Question 23

Prevent pyridine-S complex

Answer 23

Anhydrous methanol

Question 24

rx with HI (Hydrogen iodide)

Answer 24

Iodine

Question 25

SOLVENT in Method 2. Azeotropic Method / Toluene Distillation Method

Answer 25

Toluene and xylene

Question 26

Method of choice for chemical samples (1-2 grams), biologics

Answer 26

Method 3. Gravimetric Method / Drying / Thermal Method

Question 27

The extracts obtained by exhausting crude drugs with different solvents are approximate measures of their chemical constituents.

Answer 27

Extractives

Question 28

Types of Extractives

Answer 28

A. Water soluble extractive B. Alcohol-soluble extractive C. Ether-soluble extractives

Question 29

• glycosides, tannins, mucilage

Answer 29

Water soluble extractive

Question 30

• tannins, glycosides, resins

Answer 30

Alcohol-soluble extractive

Question 31

• volatile constituents and fats

Answer 31

Ether-soluble extractives

Question 32

It is the residue left after incineration.

Answer 32

Total Ash

Question 33

Total Ash may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of _______________.

Answer 33

ADULTERATION

Question 34

This may serve as basis for judging the IDENTITY AND CLEANLINESS of a drug.

Answer 34

Total Ash

Question 35

Useful for detecting low grade products, exhausted drugs, and excess of sandy or earthy matter.

Answer 35

Total Ash

Question 36

For determining ash content of expensive chemicals.

Answer 36

Residue on Ignition

Question 37

Igniting the sample to _____ redness and RESIDUE SHOULD NOT EXCEED _________

Answer 37

DULL redness 500 ug

Question 38

Consists almost entirely of silica derived from the soil adhering to the drug.

Answer 38

Acid-insoluble ash

Question 39

Used for the determination of earthy matter present on roots, rhizomes, and also on the leaves, Crude drugs contain calcium oxalate crystals the amount may varies depending on the environmental conditions.

Answer 39

Acid-insoluble ash

Question 40

Acid-insoluble ash is part of the total ash that is insoluble with diluted ___________________.

Answer 40

hydrochloric acid

Question 41

500 to 550° C

Answer 41

Very Dull Red Heat

Question 42

550 to 700°C

Answer 42

Dull Red Heat

Question 43

800 to 1000°C

Answer 43

Bright Red Heat

Question 44

1000 to 1200°C

Answer 44

Yellow Red Heat

Question 45

1200 to 1600°C

Answer 45

White Heat

Question 46

Calcium carbonate- calcium oxalate

Answer 46

825°C

Question 47

Calcium phosphate - calcium pyrophosphate

Answer 47

1550 C

Question 48

Lithium carbonate - lithium oxide

Answer 48

600 C

Question 49

Potassium chloride - sublimes at

Answer 49

1500 C

Question 50

Efficiency of several drugs is due to their odorous principle.

Answer 50

Volatile Oil Determination

Question 51

The process of removing extraneous matter, such as other parts of the plant, dirt, and added adulterants → prior to use or packaging.

Answer 51

Garbling

Question 52

Loss on drying employs temperature of __________.

Answer 52

105 +/- 2 C