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AICP > Acronyms > Flashcards

Acronyms Flashcards

0
Q

APFO

A

Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance
Also called concurrency regulations
Used to synchronize development with the availability of public facilities needed to support that development
Ordinance typically establishes standards for public facilities such as roads, transit, pedestrian, bike, schools, water, sewage, fire and police

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1
Q

ADA

A

Americans with Disabilities Act
1990
Required mass transit systems to be accessible to those with physical disabilities
Required paratransit services to be provided for those who cannot drive themselves or use public transit

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2
Q

BID

A

Business improvement district

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3
Q

BMP

A

Best management practice

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4
Q

BOD

A

Biochemical oxygen demand
Measure of how much dissolved oxygen is being consumed as microbes break down organic matter
A high BOD can indicate that levels of dissolved oxygen are falling, with dangerous implications for water body’s biodiversity

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5
Q

CAFE

A

Corporate average fuel economy for light trucks and passenger cars
Part of the Energy Policy Conservation Act of 1975
Manufacturers can earn credits for exceeding CAFE standards
Credits can be used to offset previous 3 or future 3 years

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6
Q

CBD

A

Central business district

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7
Q

CDBG

A

Community Development Block Grant

From the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act

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8
Q

CDP

A

Census Designated Place

Unincorporated area with population density

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9
Q

CEQ

A

Council on Environmental Quality
Coordinates federal environmental efforts
Works with federal agencies to develop and implement environmental impact assessment process
Established within the executive office as part of the NEPA

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10
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Also known as Superfund
EPA could pursue polluters
Taxed polluting industries to create fund for cleanup where responsibility cannot be designated.
Tax no longer exists
Cleanup requirements for closed and abandoned waste sites
Can be applied retroactively

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11
Q

CIP

A

Capital improvement program

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12
Q

CPM

A

Critical path method
Similar to PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique)
Shows what tasks must be completed before next task
Used to model project as a network and show which activities are critical and which are not
Used to allocate resources among project’s tasks, enabling project to be completed using minimal amount of each resource

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13
Q

CPTED

A

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Considers relationship between design and safety
Suggests that proper design of built environment can result in reduction or fear of crime
In commercial areas, hopefully lead to increase in business
Principles apply to design of neighborhoods, schools, downtowns, and parks

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14
Q

CRA

A

Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
Outlawed redlining
Banks must do business, lend, and reinvest in poorer areas

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15
Q

CSMA

A

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
Qualifying conditions:
1. qualifies as an MSA
2. population of 1,000,000 or more
3. component parts that are recognized as primary MSAs

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16
Q

DRI

A

Development of regional impact
Required in states like Florida and Georgia
Large-scale developments likely to have regional effects beyond local government jurisdiction

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17
Q

EA

A

Environmental Assessment
Must be prepared if action might have environmental impact
Describes proposed action and need it will address, alternative measures considered, and likely environmental impacts of action and alternatives

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18
Q

EDA

A

Economic Development Administration
Created in 1965
Successor to Area Redevelopment Administration created by Congress in 1961
Used regional poverty and unemployment stats to determine counties eligible for funding
Provides support for local economic development through grants used for site acquisition, grading, and provision of utilities
Prepared sites are then sold or leased to firms at or below cost
Projects include community industrial parks and business incubators

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19
Q

EIS

A

Environmental impact statement
Required for every federal or federally-funded state or local action that has potential to significantly harm environment
Big Questions
1. environment impact?
2. adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided?
3. alternatives to proposed action?
4. relationship between short-term uses and long-term impacts
5. identify reversible commitment of resources

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20
Q

EPA

A

EPA
Enforce environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act
Oversight of generation, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste

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21
Q

ETJ

A

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
Authority granted by states to municipalities to impose zoning and subdivision regulations beyond its boundaries
Purpose is to ensure that development beyond boundaries is compatible with development permitted by municipality

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22
Q

FAR

A

Floor Area Ratio
Ratio of permitted floor area of a building in relation to lot size
Equation = square footage of building/square footage of lot
Some ordinances may allow increases in FAR referred to density bonuses in exchange for providing amenities such as recreational facilities or open space

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23
Q

FEMA

A

Created and implemented flood insurance rate maps for land with a 1 percent chance of flooding in any given year
Administers the National Flood Insurance Program

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24
Q

FHA

A

Federal Housing Administration
Created by 1934 National Housing Act
Insures private mortgages
Encourage banks and building and loan associations to make loans for homes and small business establishments
Before underwriting mortgage insurance, certain land-use guidelines had to be met, resulting in separating land uses and creating subdivision codes favoring detached over attached housing, and favoring lower-density housing over higher-density housing

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25
Q

FIFRA

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996
Provided federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use
Required pesticide users to register with the EPA
FIFRA amendments required all users of pesticides to pass a certification exam in order to apply pesticides

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26
Q

FSLIC

A

Federal Savings Loan Insurance Corporation
Part of the 1934 National Housing Act
Insures savings deposits

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27
Q

GINI COEFFICIENT

A

Measure of dispersion
Often used to describe income inequality
If everyone in a population has the same income, the coefficient equals zero

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28
Q

HAP - Pollution

A

Hazardous Air Pollution

An air pollutant for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards do not exist and which can pose a serious health risk

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29
Q

HHFA

A

Housing and Home Finance Agency - 1947
Predecessor to HUD
All federal housing programs were under this agency
Administered urban renewal programs until the creation of HUD

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30
Q

HOLC

A

Home Owners Loan Corporation
Created in 1932 as part of the Federal Home Loan Bank system
Created to refinance mortgages of economically distressed homeowners and assist struggling home finance institutions
Used redlining to prohibit granting mortgages in specific regions; which later became illegal
Program expired in 1954

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31
Q

HOPE VI

A

Established in 1992 to replace large-scale, low-quality public housing projects with smaller, low-rise, higher-quality, mixed-income buildings
Provided housing vouchers to some public housing residents to rent apartments in the private market
Goal was to decrease the concentration of very low-income families and reduce de facto segregation

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32
Q

HUD

A

Housing and Urban Development
Created based on the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965
Cabinet level agency
Robert Weaver was first secretary of HUD and first African-American cabinet member
Established rent subsidy programs for individuals and families living below the poverty line, granted home loans at 3 percent interest for low and moderate-income families, and provided subsidies for public housing projects

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33
Q

ISTEA

A

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act - 1991

Required coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality standards

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34
Q

ITS

A

Intelligent transportation system
Uses computer-based information and sensing technologies to improve traffic coordination and system capacity as well as safety and efficiency
Examples include changeable freeway message signs, coordinated signal systems, and automated toll collection

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35
Q

LESA

A

Land Evaluation and Site Assessment - 1981
Rating system developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the USDA so that local governments can assess the suitability of one or more parcels of farmland for continued agricultural use
Land evaluation criteria combine soil suitability analysis with other factors such as agricultural productivity and neighboring land uses
Site assessment criteria also include economic, social, and geographic features of an area that have the potential to influence development pressures on agricultural areas

36
Q

LHA

A

Local Housing Authorities
Empowered and funded under Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937 to determine local housing needs, construct, and operate public housing projects as well as engage in slum clearance

37
Q

LIHTC

A

Low Income Housing Tax Credits

38
Q

LQ

A

Location Quotient
Measure of industrial/employment concentration
Local share versus regional/national share
Greater than 1, export
Less than 1, import

39
Q

LOS

A

Level of service
Qualitative ranking measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream
Generally described in terms of factors such as speed and travel time, traffic interruptions, comfort and convenience, and safety
Measured as the volume to capacity ratio

40
Q

LULU

A

Locally undesirable land use
Landfills
Issue of environmental justice based on siting/location

41
Q

MCL

A

Maximum contaminant level
Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water
Example: nitrates = 10ppm; flouride = 4ppm

42
Q

MPO

A

Metropolitan Planning Organization
If the population of a metro area is greater than 50,000, an MPO must be created in order to be eligible to receive federal funding
It is not a level of government and does not regulate land use
Reviews programs that affect the region, certifies consistency among programs in a region, and coordinates transportation and land use decisions in a region

43
Q

MSA

A

Metropolitan statistical area
Core area with large population and adjacent communities
High degree of social and economic integration in core
Core may have more than 50,000 people or a population of at least 100,000 in an urbanized area
May include parts or all of one or more counties

44
Q

NAAQS

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Air quality standards, originally established for carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate, and ozone
Additional standards added later for asbestos, vinyl chloride, benzene, arsenic, beryllium, mercury, radon, and radionuclides other than radon
The additional standards are due to asbestos processing, dry cleaning, and commercial sterilization facilities
The purpose of these standards is to provide an “ample margin of safety” to human health

45
Q

NAICS

A

North American Industrial Classification System

Arose due to NAFTA to create a unified system between Canada, Mexico, and U.S.

46
Q

NEPA

A

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Established a national framework for environmental protection
Required an environmental impact statement for every federal or federally funded state or local action with potential to harm the environment
Acknowledged the importance of an open and public decision-making process in environmental decisions
Environment analysis requirement
If proposed action has potential for significant impact, an Environmental Assessment must be prepared
If a proposed action will have significant environmental impact, an Environmental Impact Statement must be prepared that documents all environmental impacts.
EIS is lengthy and requires a great deal of effort
15,41

47
Q

NFIP

A

National Flood Insurance Program
Administered by FEMA
Makes flood insurance available to home and business owners
To limit the extent of possible damage due to flooding, requires homes in designated floodplain to be elevate and businesses in flood hazard locations to be elevated or flood-proofed

48
Q

NPDES

A

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System of 1972
Authorized by the Clean Water Act
Put in place to control water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into water bodies
Industrial and municipal polluters must obtain an NPDES discharge permit and meet both federal and state water quality standards

49
Q

NRCS

A

Natural Resources Conservation Service, formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service
Made prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility
Conduct soil erosion surveys and implement erosion measures
Soils maps show different soil types and are useful for locating high quality farmland and areas where septic systems may function properly

50
Q

NYC

A

New York City Tenement Housing Law of 1879
Required tenement buildings to provide only a narrow airshaft between adjacent structures and only two toilets on each floor
Notorious for poor living conditions imposed on residents (lack of light, air, and space) and were called dumbbell tenements because of their shape

51
Q

PCB

A

Polychlorinated biphenyl
Used from 1926 to 1976 in electric transformers
Manufactured chemicals including 200 compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine
Pose a serious health hazard and can exist for a long time in the environment
Formally banned in 1979

52
Q

PDR

A

Purchase of Development Rights
Separates ownership of land from the right to develop
Right to develop is purchased, often by government or non-profit land trust
Allows certain features to be preserved, although owner can still use it for farming or open space

53
Q

PDS

A

Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Refers to procedures utilized in national parks and monuments to check for presence of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter in the air
Purpose is to detect any deterioration of air quality

54
Q

PERT

A

Program Evaluation Review Technique
Shows how different tasks are related, depicts tasks and duration of tasks using forked lines
Used to reallocate available resources (time, labor, etc.) among tasks in order to keep the project on time and operating within the budget
Graphic depiction of interrelationships of tasks that make up project

55
Q

PMSA

A

Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area
Can include one or more counties that have substantial commuting interchange
May be more than one PMSA in an MSA that has a population greater than 1,000,000 or more
When two or more PMSAs have been recognized, the larger area of which they are components is a CMSA

56
Q

PPBS

A

Planning Program Budgetary System
Developed by Robert McNamara at the US DOD
Emerged in the 1960s and 1970s and was adopted by a number of state and local governments
Divides government operations into program components rather than objects of expenditure
Focuses on fundamental objectives of a program, identifies future implications of current budgeting decision, considers all costs, and analyzes alternatives

57
Q

PRP

A

Potentially responsible party
Superfund Enforcement Tracking System contains the names of potentially responsible individuals or companies
They are notified by EPA that they are potentially responsible for the cleanup costs at Superfund sites

58
Q

PSD

A

Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Required under the Clean Air Act
Refers to the permit application and review process for the construction and operation of new and modified stationary sources of pollution in attainment areas (areas that comply with NAAQS)

59
Q

PSTF

A

Private Sewage Treatment Facilities
Usually permitted and constructed only if no public treatment facilities are available
Must be consistent with municipal capital facilities plans and local zoning ordinances
Small, privately owned may be used for a small number of housing units to handle between 3,000 and 10,000 gallons per day
May be permitted to protect water quality, but would not be permitted in floodplains, near public water supplies, or near rare or endangered species habitats
Many states prohibit them because they are unreliable

60
Q

PUD

A

Planned Unit Development
May be large-scale, mixed-use or high density residential
Allow for flexibility in the siting of buildings and implementation of development standards
Used to improve site design, provide amenities such as open space by allowing cluster zoning, and can be used to increase density

61
Q

RCRA

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
Cradle-to-grave legislation for hazardous waste materials
Gave the EPA authority to control the generation, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste
Household hazardous wastes are exempt from RCRA regulations

62
Q

RLUIPA

A

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000
No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person, assembly, or institution is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest

63
Q

SARA

A

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
Reauthorized Superfund/CERCLA and stressed the importance of permanent remedies and the use of new technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites
Increased state involvement in all phases of the Superfund program
Encouraged increased public participation in the decision-making process concerning the clean up of hazardous waste sites

64
Q

SDWA

A

Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
Enacted to protect the quality of drinking water
Set standards for drinking water
Covers all waters actually or potentially used for drinking use, whether from above or below ground sources
All owners or operators of public water systems are required to comply with the standards of SDWA

65
Q

SHMO

A

State Hazard Mitigation Officer

Required based on the Robert Safford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988

66
Q

SHPO

A

State Historic Preservation Officer
Required under the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act
Each state must appoint an SHPO

67
Q

SIC

A

Standard Industrial Classification

Used from the 1930s to 2002 and was replaced by NAICS

68
Q

SIP

A

State Implementation Program
Required for metropolitan areas that do not meet federal NAAQS
Required under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

69
Q

SWOT

A

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
Considers various internal and external factors
Considers various resources

70
Q

SZEA

A

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1924 and 1926
Influenced by the 1916 zoning ordinance in New York City
Confirmed the states’ authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances
Drafted and approved by Secretary of Commerce Hoover

71
Q

TAZ

A

Traffic analysis zones
Geographic unit created by dividing a planning region into similar areas of land use
Usually the size of a census tract and are the unit of analysis in traditional travel demand models

72
Q

TDM

A

Travel demand management
Goal is to reduce congestion occurring when demand for roads far exceeds the supply of roads
Seeks to decrease dependence on the car while increasing reliance on mass transit and alternative forms of transportation such as walking, biking, and ridesharing
Seeks to reduce the amount of travel occurring at peak times
Strategies include increasing the use of flex time or car pools and increasing the cost of parking

73
Q

TDR

A

Transfer of development rights
Separates ownership of land from right to develop
Right to develop in sending area purchased and used to development land in a receiving area more intensely
Goal is to increase urban density and minimize sprawl
Must be permitted by a municipality’s zoning ordinance
Must take into account economic factors to ensure that there will be a market for more intense development

74
Q

TEA-21

A

Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century - 1998
Successor to ISTEA, which expired in 1997
Combined continuation and improvement of current programs with new initiatives such as improving safety as traffic volumes continue to increase, protecting the natural environment, and advancing economic growth and competitiveness through more efficient and flexible transportation systems
Emphasized transit as an alternative to highway construction and expansion
Continued the planning process for roads and transit that was developed under ISTEA and allowed for flexibility in allotment of funds for transit and transportation enhancements
Provided enhancement grants for improvements to scenic quality, pedestrian and bike paths, and preservation of historical highway facilities

75
Q

TIF

A

Tax increment financing

76
Q

TIGER

A

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System
Developed by U.S Census to meet major geographic needs of 1990 census such as producing the cartographic products, providing the geographic structure for tabulation and dissemination of statistical data, and assigning residential and employer addresses to the correct geographic location
Can be used as the basis for a municipal GIS

77
Q

TIP

A

Transportation Improvement Program
Multimodal listing of the highway, public transit, bike, and pedestrian improvements as well as transportation emission reduction measures for which federal funds have been earmarked in a particular region
Usually in effect for 3-5 and is consistent with a metropolitan transportation plan, and serves to prioritize projects and provide a timeline for implementation

78
Q

TMDL

A

Total Maximum Daily Load

Calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive and still meet water quality standards

79
Q

TOD

A

Transit Oriented Development
High-density, pedestrian-friendly development near transit stops so that more people can use transit conveniently
Studies have shown that transit ridership increases when both residential and commercial uses are within walking distance of transit stops

80
Q

TVA

A

Tennessee Valley Authority - 1933
Created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America’s most famous experiment in river-basin planning

81
Q

UGB

A

Urban Growth Boundary
A line drawn to separate rural and urban areas
Used to contain urban growth with an area and maintain rural nature of property outside of boundary
Public infrastructure is not extended past boundary
Oregon - enough land to support development over next 20 years

82
Q

VOC

A

Volatile organic compound

Highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, and solvents that readily evaporate

83
Q

WPA

A

Works Progress Administration of 1935
New Deal program
Created link between urban planning and economic development in which the federal government implemented programs to stimulate the local economy
Federal government offered work to the unemployed by spending money on a wide variety of programs including highway and building construction, slum clearance, and rural rehabilitation

84
Q

ZBA

A 
Zoning Board of Appeals
Considers requests for variances
Hears appeals of any decision made by zoning enforcement officer
Approves special use permits
Makes recommendation to governing body
85
Q

ZCTA

A

Zip Code Tabulation Area
Developed by U.S. Census for tabulating summary statistics from 2000 Census
Developed to overcome difficulties in precisely defining the land area covered by each zip code
Geographic area that approximates but does not necessarily coincide with the delivery area for a five-digit zip code

86
Q

HAP - Housing

A

Housing Assistance Plan
Required for all projects using CDBG funding
Spells out community housing needs and lays out plans for implementing local housing policies

87
Q

ADT

A

Average daily traffic

Number of vehicles on road during non-weekend, non-holiday time

88
Q

POB

A

Point of beginning - surveyor’s mark at the beginning location in surveying land

AICP (7 decks)

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