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Chemistry > Acids And Alkalis > Flashcards

Acids And Alkalis Flashcards

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1
Q

What colour does acid and alkaline change with litmus?

A

Alkaline: blue acid: red

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2
Q

What colour does acid and alkaline change with methyl orange?

A

Alkaline: yellow acid: red

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3
Q

What colour does alkaline and acid change with phenolphthalein?

A

Alkaline: pink acid: Colourless

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4
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid?

A

HCl / H2SO4 / HNO3

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5
Q

What are the formulas for sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide?

A

NaOH / KOH / Ca(OH)2

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6
Q

What is a polyatomic ion?

A

When small groups of atoms are held together by covalent bonds, lose or gain electrons

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7
Q

What is the formula to work out the concentration?

A

Amount dissolved / volume of solution

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8
Q

What shows that the concentration of hydrogen atoms is linked to the pH?

A

Measurements of pH of different concentrations of acids

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9
Q

If the concentration of hydrogen ions increase by a factor if 10 how much does the ph decrease by?

A

1

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10
Q

If a solution has a low pH value what does this mean?

A

That it is a strong acid

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11
Q

What happens to strong acids when they’re dissolved in water?

A

The completely dissociate into ions and produce high hydrogen ion concentration

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12
Q

What happens to the ions in a weak acid?

A

They ions do not completely dissociate in the solution

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13
Q

What is the ph for carbonic / nitric / sulphuric acid ?

A

3.8 / 1.0 / 1.2

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14
Q

What is the ph for ethanoic / boric / hydrochloric acid?

A

2.9 / 5.2 / 1.0

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15
Q

What are bases?

A

Substance that neutralise acids to form salt and water only

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16
Q

What are all metal oxides?

A

Bases

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17
Q

What happens during neutralisation?

A

Hydrogen ions combine with oxide ions to form water which removes hydrogen ions so pH increases (becomes neutral)

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18
Q

How are salts produced?

A

By replacing hydrogen ions with metal ions

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19
Q

What salt is formed from hydrochloric / sulfuric / nitric acid?

A

Chloride / sulfate / nitrate

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20
Q

What reaction can take place to prepare samples of different soluble salts?

A

Acid and insoluble metal oxide

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21
Q

How do you prepare a soluble salt?

A

Add excess oxide to hydrochloric acid / gently warm to speed up reaction / filter to remove unreacted solid / heat to evaporate water and concentrate of the salt solution / leave to evaporate water slowly so crystals appear

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22
Q

What is an alkaline?

A

A base that can be dissolved in water

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23
Q

What hydroxides are insoluble in water?

A

Metal hydroxides

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24
Q

What 2 bases are soluble so therefore alkaline?

A

Sodium hydroxide / calcium hydroxide (and other group 1 and 2 hydroxides)

25
Q

During a neutralisation reaction what happens to the reaction mixture?

A

It becomes warmer

26
Q

What substance neutralises stomach acid for indigestion?

A

Antacids

27
Q

What compound is generally found in antacids?

A

Magnesium hydroxides (which are sparingly soluble in water to easy to swallow when a white suspension)

28
Q

What is formed in a hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion reaction?

A

Water (and salt but they stay in the solution as dissolved ions)

29
Q

How do you obtain a dry soluble salt from its solution?

A

Crystallisation

30
Q

What is important in crystallisation?

A

To have a neutral solution before evaporating the water otherwise you’ll contaminate the salt with an excess of one reactant)

31
Q

How do you obtain a neutral solution?

A

Mix an acid and an alkaline in correct proportions so u get a solution that contains only water and desired salt

32
Q

How can u process adding acid and alkaline to get only water and desired salt?

A

Titration

33
Q

What is needed in titration?

A

Acid in a burette to find a fixed volume of alkaline in a conical flask

34
Q

What is the end point of titration?

A

When the indicator changes colour

35
Q

What are the steps to making a pure dry salt?

A

Carry out titration / note exact volume of acid needed to neutralise alkaline / use burette to add correct volume of acid without indicator / evaporate the water from the solution formed

36
Q

Some metals do not react with dilute acids, give 2 examples of metals

A

Copper and silver

37
Q

Some metals react explosively with dilute acids, give 2 examples of metals

A

Potassium and sodium

38
Q

Some metals in the middle of the reactivity series react steadily with dilute acids, give 2 examples of metals

A

Magnesium and zinc

39
Q

Define effervescence

A

Bubbles in a liquid / fizz

40
Q

In an equation what is the first name and what is the second name?

A

First is the metal and second is the acid

41
Q

What does an ionic equation summarise?

A

The reaction between metal atoms and hydrogen ions to form hydrogen molecules

42
Q

What do we show in an ionic equation?

A

The ions that change in the reaction

43
Q

What are spectator ions?

A

Ions from the acid that do not change during the reaction

44
Q

What is the loss of electrons in a reaction known as?

A

Oxidation

45
Q

What is the gain of electrons called?

A

Reduction

46
Q

What happens when acid reacts with metal carbonate?

A

Bubbles of carbon dioxide are produces and the solid metal carbonate disappears if there is enough acid to react with it

47
Q

When copper carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid / hydrochloric acid / nitric acid what does it form?

A

Copper sulfate / copper chloride / copper nitrate

48
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A

Where a soluble substance in a solution cause insoluble precipitate to form

49
Q

What is precipitate?

A

An insoluble substance that is formed when 2 soluble react together in a solution

50
Q

What is soluble in water?

A

All common sodium potassium and ammonium salts / all nitrates / most chlorides / most sulfates / sodium potassium ammonium carbonates or hydroxides

51
Q

What substances are insoluble in water?

A

Silver, lead chlorides / lead, barium, calcium sulfates / most carbonates / most hydroxides

52
Q

What colour precipitate of silver chromate forms when sodium chromate solution is added to silver nitrate solution?

A

Red

53
Q

What reacts to form soluble sodium nitrate and white precipitate of lead chloride?

A

Solutions of lead nitrate and sodium chloride

54
Q

What precipitate is made from the limewater, carbon dioxide test?

A

Insoluble calcium carbonate

55
Q

In an ionic equation to show the formation of precipitates where are the precipitates and ions in the equation?

A

Ions that form a precipitate on the left and the precipitate on the right

56
Q

What happens when 2 solutions containing soluble salts react together?

A

The ions of the salts swap

57
Q

How can we predict whether a precipitate will form?

A

By checking solubilities of the products. If both are soluble, no precipitate will form

58
Q

How do you prepare a pure dry sample of an insoluble salt to 2 soluble salts?

A

Mix the two solutions in a beaker, then filter the mixture / rinse the beaker with a little distilled water and pour through the funnel / pour a little distilled water over the precipitate in the funnel / carefully remove the filter paper containing the precipitate and dry it in a warm oven

Chemistry (6 decks)

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